    31

    31

    others include the amount of winter chilling the ant goes through while it's still an

    egg, the size of the egg it hatches from, the temperature of its nursery when the ant

    is still an infant, and the age and condition of its mother.  (Edward O. Wilson, The

    Insect Societies, p. 152).

    34. George Ordish, The Year of the Ant, p. 114.

    35. For a brilliant evocation of Grant's years of shame, see MacKinlay Kantor's

    short story "Then Came The Legions," reprinted in Roger B. Goodman, ed., 75

    Short Story Masterpieces: Stories From the World's Literature, Bantam Books, New

    York, 1961, pp. 160-64.  For a slightly more charitable version of the facts, see:

    Ishbel Ross, The General's Wife: The Life of Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, Dodd, Mead &

    Co., New York, 1959, pp. 88-105; and The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 5,

    p. 425.  And for the bottom line on Grant's drinking (he didn't do it often, but when

    he did, his benders were spectacular), see John Keegan, The Mask of Command,

    Elisabeth Sifton Books, Viking, New York, 1987, p. 204.

    36. For a view of how our lives are arbitrarily limited by role playing, see Ervin

    Goffman,  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Anchor Books, Doubleday,

    New York, 1959.

    37. Alvin Toffler, in his introduction to Order Out of Chaos, by Ilya Prigogine and

    Isabelle Stengers, Bantam Books, New York, 1984, p. xxiv.

    38. William K. Purves, Gordon H. Orians, Life: The Science of Biology, Sinauer

    Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1987, p. 403.  C.C. Ford,

    "Development," Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 6, pp. 137-139.

    39. Daniel G. Freedman, Human Sociobiology; a holistic approach, pp. 46, 169-70.

    By the way, female campers also sorted themselves out in a hierarchy.  But the

    process by which they arrived at their social arrangement was a bit different than

    that of the boys.  It  involved more vicious backbiting and less physical forms of

    cruelty.  Yet the cruelty was so potent that at one time or another it reduced   the

    camp counselors to tears.  Said one of these counselors, "Now I know why no one

    studies junior high school girls!  They are so cruel and horrible that no one can

    stand them." (Freedman, p. 47-9.)

    40. Daniel Boorstin, The Discoverers, p. 126.

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