    49

    pp. 3-6.

    36.  Norman Cousins, Human Options, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1981.

    37. John Pfeiffer, "Listening For Emotions: Videotapes show that many doctors

    aren't--and patients suffer," Science 86, June, 1986, p. 16.

    38. Dorothy W. Smith, Carol P. Hanley Germain, Care of the Adult Patient: Medical,

    Surgical Nursing, fourth edition, J.B. Lipincott Co., Philadelphia, 1975, p. 398.

    William A. R. Thomson, M.D., Black's Medical Dictionary, Barnes & Noble Books,

    Totowa, New Jersey, 1984, p. 519.

    39. Robert Ornstein and David Sobel, The Healing Brain, Simon and Schuster, New

    York, 1987, pp. 21-24.  David Sobel, M.D. is director of patient education and

    health promotion for Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in northern

    California and chief of preventive medicine at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in

    San Jose.  Robert Ornstein, Ph.D. teaches at the University of California Medical

    Center in San Francisco and at Stanford University.  Leonard A. Sagan covers

    similar ground in  "Family Ties: the real reason people are living longer," The

    Sciences, March/April, 1988, p. 22.  Sagan is an epidemiologist at the Electric

    Power Research Institute in Palo Alto, California, and author of The Health of

    Nations: True Causes of Sickness and Well-Being, from Basic Books.

    40. Human Relations, Vol. 39, pp. 917-931, cited in Psychology Today, June, 1987,

    p. 10.

    41. Jerome S. Bruner, Beyond the Information Given: Studies in the Psychology of

    Knowing, Jeremy M. Anglin ed., W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1973, pp. 33-37.

    Spencer A. Rathus, Psychology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1987, p.

    418; Albert R. Gilgen, American Psychology Since World War I: A Profile of the

    Discipline, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1982, p. 121. Morris Eagle,

    David Wolitzky, "Perceptual Defense," in Benjamin B. Wolman, ed., International

    Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis & Neurology, Van

    Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977, Vol. 8, pp. 260-265.

    42. San Francisco internist R. Dennis Collins confessed to a national medical

    conference in 1989 that "there is probably some degree of arrogance among

    physicians who feel that if you haven't learned about it in medical school or training,

    then it doesn't exist.  Physicians don't feel comfortable saying 'I don't know,' so they

    may prefer not to deal with it." (Sari Staver, "Conference shows one skeptic: 'It's

    clear we have a real syndrome,'" American Medical News, May 26, 1989, p. 9.)

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