    30

    30

    century, when the British government proposed lifting legal sanctions against

    Catholics, the outraged  population of London rioted in protest and burned down

    parts of the city.  (Dero A. Saunders in his introduction to Edward Gibbon's The

    Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin edition, p. 4.)

    28. Leonard Berkowitz, "The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Revisited," in

    Leonard Berkowitz, Aggression: A Re-Examination of the Frustration-Aggression

    Hypothesis, Atherton Press, New York, 1969, pp. 4, 7, 8, 19, 22.  For similar

    experiments with pigeons, squirrel monkeys, rhesus monkeys and humans, see:

    N.H. Azrin, R.R. Hutchinson and D.F. Drake, "Extinction Induced Aggression," in

    Leonard Berkowitz, Aggression: A Re-Examination of the Frustration-Aggression

    Hypothesis, pp. 34, 41, 42.  Frustration is not the only experience that can make a

    rat or human turn on his fellows.  Pain also does the trick.  See R.F. Ulrich and N.H.

    Azrin, "Reflexive Fighting in Response to Aversive Stimulation," Journal of the

    Experimental Analysis of Behavior, October, 1962, pp. 511-520.  The classic work

    on the subject of frustration and aggression, which we'll examine later in this work,

    is John Dollard, Neal E. Miller, Leonard W. Doob, O.H. Mowrer, Robert R. Sears,

    Clellan S. Ford, Carl Iver Hovland and Richard E. Sollenberger, Frustration and

    Aggression, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1957.  It would be

    pointless to give specific page numbers, since virtually the entire book is dedicated

    to this thesis.  See also: Ernest R. Hilgard, Psychology In America: A Historical

    Survey, pp. 371-372; Bertram H. Raven and Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social Psychology,

    pp. 271-273.  Jane Goodall, "Life and Death at Gombe," National Geographic

    Magazine, May, 1979, pp. 598-599.

    29. according to  Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution (Summit

    Books, New York, 1986), by Boston University Professor of Biology Lynn Margulis

    and science writer Dorion Sagan, p. 75.

    30. David P. Barash, The Hare and the Tortoise: Culture, Biology, and Human

    Nature, p. 71.

    31. Frans De Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power & Sex Among Apes, pp. 49,

    167-8, 175, 179.

    32. Edward O. Wilson, The Insect Societies, pp. 147-152.

    33. Food is not the only factor determining which form a growing ant will take.  The

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