    142

    42. The author was a leader of the fight against this rather insidious legislation, which is

    now the law of the land.

    43. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, p. 94.

    44. The unfortunate victims from out of town included two Greeks and two Gauls.  (Ernle

    Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 123-124.)

    45. For information on a vast variety of similar experiments, see: Leonard Berkowitz,

    Aggression: A Re-Examination of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, pp. 4, 7, 8, 19,

    22, 34, 41, 42; Ernest R. Hilgard, Psychology In America, pp. 371-372;  E.O. Wilson,

    Sociobiology,  p. 123.  R.F. Ulrich and N.H. Azrin, "Reflexive Fighting In Response to

    Aversive Stimulation," Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, October, 1962,

    p. 518.

    46. R.F. Ulrich and N.H. Azrin, "Reflexive Fighting In Response to Aversive Stimulation,"

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, October, 1962, pp. 511-520, especially

    p. 516.

    47. Jane Goodall, "Life and Death at Gombe," pp. 598-599.  Says Goodall, scapegoating

    also occurs among rhesus macaques, baboons, vervets and langurs.  (Jane Van

    Lawick-Goodall, "A Preliminary Report on Expressive Movements and Communication in

    the Gombe Stream Chimpanzees," in Phyllis C. Jay ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation

    and Variability, p. 332.)

    48. John Dollard, Neal E. Miller, Leonard W. Doob, O.H. Mowrer, Robert E. Sears, Clellan

    S. Ford, Carl Hovland and Richard E. Sollenberger, Frustration and Aggression, Yale

    University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1957, p. 31.  Bob Altemeyer, "Marching In

    Step; A Psychological Explanation of State Terror," p. 35.  Bertram H. Raven, Jeffrey Z.

    Rubin, Social Psychology, pp. 271-273.

    49. Harrison Salisbury, War Between Russia and China, p. 184.

    50. The eight countries-- Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,

    Poland, Rumania and Yugoslavia-- all fell under the control of Communist governments

    between 1944 and 1949.

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