    85

    Germanic kings." (George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, p. 69.) At

    the head of the "Roman" Empire was Byzantium.

    127. George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, p. 80.

    128. George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, pp. 66-67.

    129. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin edition,

    pp. 640-646.

    130. George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, p. 83-85.

    131. The Caliph Omar first entered Byzantine territory in 634.  In 636, he trounced

    the Byzantine army at the Battle of Jarmuk, and went on to sweep up Syria,

    besiege Jerusalem, and humble the Persians.  By 640, the Mohammedans had

    taken Mesopotamia and Armenia and had begun their conquest of Egypt.  By 646,

    they had taken Alexandria--and hence Egypt--for good.  (George Ostrogorsky,

    History of the Byzantine State, pp. 113-115.)

    132. In the Naval Treaty of 1922, the United States, Britain and Japan agreed to a

    strict, ten-year limitation on new warship construction, and to the abandonment of

    two million tons of planned or actual military vessels.  American Secretary of State

    Charles Evans Hughes said that as a result of the Treaty, "Preparation for naval

    warfare will stop now."  (Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History

    of the 1920's, Perennial Library, Harper & Row, New York, 1964, {originally

    published 1931}, pp. 109-110.)  Then, in 1925, negotiators signed the Locarno

    Pact, "in which the Western powers guaranteed their mutual frontiers and promised

    never to go to war over them again."  Everyone thought that Locarno was a virtual

    guarantee of peace... except the Germans.  German Foreign Minister Gustav

    Stresemann, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the treaty, told his

    confidants that the document simply bought Germany time in which to rearm.

    (William L. Shirer, 20th Century Journey: A memoir of a Life and the Times; Volume

    I: The Start 1904-1930,  pp. 250, 415-416.)

    But this was not the first modern effort to end war by rational  means.  Almost

    twenty years earlier, at the Hague Peace Conference of 1907, the Great Powers

    had made an equally futile effort to eliminate war via negotiation.  The agreement

    hammered out at the Hague prohibited the launch of explosives from balloons,

    guaranteed the safety of neutral territory, outlawed surprise attack, and limited the

    use of naval mines.  Unfortunately, these well-intentioned resolutions were unable

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