    138

    pp. 59, 73.  Bryan Morgan, Early Trains, Camden House Books, London {no publication

    date given}, p. 19.  H. Philip Spratt, "The Marine Steam-Engine," in Charles Singer, E.J.

    Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of Technology: Volume V, The

    Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, p.

    143.)  British firms built entire  railways in Canada, France, Jamaica, Guiana, Argentina,

    Kenya, Uganda, and numerous other countries.  (Bryan Morgan, Early Trains, p. 39.

    Edward A. Haine, Seven Railroads, A.S. Barnes & Co., Cranbury, New Jersey, 1979, pp.

    24-27, 81, 83, 147-169.  S. Nock, The Dawn of World Railways, 1800-1850, The

    MacMillan Co., New York, 1972, pp. 2-5, 121-125.)  They supervised the building of the

    first railways in Japan.  (W.G. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration,  p. 356.)  And British

    engineers even played a critical role in the development of new railroad technology for the

    Germans and Austrians.  (C. Hamilton Ellis, "The Development of Railway Engineering,"

    in Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of

    Technology: Volume V, The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, p. 328.)

    8. India imported a million yards of cotton fabric in 1814.  By 1870, that figure was up to a

    startling 995 million.  Many of India's native weavers simply couldn't compete with the

    higher quality, cheaper mass-produced cloth and quietly went out of business. (Paul

    Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, p. 148.)

    9. For further information on the role of steam technology in the British dominance of

    ocean transport, see Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade In World History, p. 252.

    10. Harry Edward Neal, From Spinning Wheel to Spacecraft: The Story of the Industrial

    Revolution, p. 36.

    11. MIT's System Dynamics National Model, a computerized approach to

    macroeconomics, gives a vivid sense of how the country that rides the crest of a new

    technological wave surfs its way to power.  For an account of the system and a hint at its

    historical implications, see Nathaniel J. Mass and Peter M. Senge, "Reindustrialization:

    Aiming At The Right Targets," Technology Review, August/September, 1981, pp. 56-65.

    12. For a vivid sense of the implacable barrier malaria posed to Europeans, see Sanche

    de Gramont, The Strong Brown God: The Story of the Niger River, pp. 161-173, 195-200.

    See also Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, pp. 15, 57.

    13. James Burke, Connections, pp. 204-7.

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