    84

    118. Dennis & Ching Ping Bloodworth, The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of

    Chinese Statecraft, p. 87.

    119. Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China, pp. 116-124.

    120. Lai Po Kan, The Ancient Chinese, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New

    Jersey, 1980 (1985 edition) p. 53.

    121. Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China, p. 225.

    122. Though Constantine experienced his vision of the cross in 312 and ordered

    his soldiers to carry banners and shields inscribed with the symbol of the cross, he

    did not formally declare himself a Christian until 324. (J.M. Roberts, The Pelican

    History of the World, p. 283.)

    123. George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, pp. 44-46.  Ira M.

    Sheskin, "Istanbul," Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 11, p. 307.

    124. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin edition,

    pp. 331-332.  J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, p. 284.

    125. Edward Gibbon, The Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire, The Modern

    Library, New York, Vol. II,  pp. 163-170.  George Ostrogorsky, History of the

    Byzantine State, p. 55; Daniel Boorstin, The Discoverers, p. 568.  Rome continued

    to have its own emperor until 476.  But from 410 on, the emperor's territory broke

    down into a collection of "independent estates ruled by [barbarian] Germanic

    warlords." (Tim Newark, The Barbarians: Warriors & Wars of the Dark Ages, p.50.)

    As historian J.M. Roberts puts it, Rome's "independence of action was gone." (See

    J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, pp. 287-289; H.G. Wells, The Out-

    line of History, p. 341.)  Meanwhile, the Byzantines "settled down to enjoy a

    considerable breathing space." (George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine

    State, p. 55.)

    126. See Hammond's Historical Atlas, C.S. Hammond, New York, 1948,  map H-9.

    Though barbarian tribes had bitten off parts of the Empire, even these

    acknowledged Byzantium's preeminence.  Says George Ostrogorsky, "The lands

    which had once belonged to the Roman Empire were held to belong to her

    inalienably and in perpetuity, even though they were under the actual control of

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