    44

    NOTES

    1.  Anne Givens, "Chimps, More Diverse Than a Barrel of Monkeys," Science,

    January 17, 1992, p. 287.  The 22-million-year estimate can be pushed back even

    further if we take into account the remarkable ability of birds to develop dialects and

    food-tapping techniques which research shows they literally invent, then pass on

    through learning, not instinct (John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in

    Animals, pp. 183-185).

    2. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1986, Vol. 23, pp. 575-576.

    3. This estimate of Marx' weight is based on the report of a Prussian police spy who

    visited Marx' London home in 1853.  Said the agent, "Marx is of medium height...

    his figure is powerful...." (Saul K. Padover, Karl Marx: An Intimate Biography,

    McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1978, p. 291.)  In the 19th century,

    "average height" was several inches shorter than it is today.

    4. David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought, Harper Colophon Books, New

    York, 1973, pp. 32, 33, 53, 102-103.  See also Daniel Boorstin,  The Discoverers,

    pp. 617-621.  The anarchist leader Michael Bakunin, with whom Marx had an

    extremely acrimonious relationship, painted an even more damning picture of his

    adversary.  Said Bakunin, Marx is "vengeful to the point of madness.  There is no

    lie or calumny that he is not capable of inventing against anyone who has had the

    misfortune of arousing his jealousy, or, which is the same thing, his hatred." (Saul

    K. Padover, Karl Marx: An Intimate Biography, p. 180.)

    5. Said the censor, "few people in Russia will read it, and still fewer will understand

    it." Daniel Boorstin, The Discovers, p. 618.

    6. Before these fathers of the Russian Revolution came along, the Russian Marxist

    movement was pitifully small.  In 1872, only three thousand Russian readers had

    purchased the first Russian edition of Das Kapital and waded painfully through its

    turgid prose. (Boorstin, p. 618.)  Among these was Georgy Valentinovich

    Plekhanov, the son of a wealthy country gentleman, who started a Russian Marxist

    movement in 1883.  Through much of his life, Plekhanov led a struggling group of

    underground cells from his exile in Geneva.  Plekhanov's efforts planted the seeds

    that would come to fruition under Lenin and Stalin. (Alan Moorehead, The Russian

    Revolution, pp. 34-38.)

    7. Harrison E. Salisbury, Black Night, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions 1905-1917,

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