    72

    Battle For The West: Thermopylae, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1980,

    p. 43.)

    17. H.G. Wells, The Outline of History, p. 188.

    18. Herodotus, The Histories, pp. 379-381.  J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of

    the World, p. 191.  H.G. Wells, The Outline of History, p. 191.

    19. Herodotus, The Histories, pp. 423-30.

    20. Herodotus, The Histories, p. 472.

    21.

    4

    Herodotus, The Histories, p. 465.  Modern scholars feel the Persian army may

    have been far smaller than Herodotus thought.  Some are convinced that it comprised

    closer to 100,000 men.  (J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, p. 191.)  Others

    feel it was closer to 250,000. (Ernle Bradford, The Battle For The West: Thermopylae, p.

    34.) In 480 B.C., however, even this would have been a force of awesome proportions.

    22. Herodotus, The Histories, p. 466-70.

    23. Ernle Bradford, The Battle For the West: Thermopylae.

    24. Herodotus, The Histories, p. 452.

    25. Herodotus, The Histories, p. 453.

    26.  Kenneth Dover, The Greeks, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1980,

    p. 13.

    27. William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp: 1587-1968, pp. 125-137, 143-148.

    Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, p. 422.

    28.  For a very different analysis of the barbarian menace through history, one

    which nonetheless supports the conclusions of this chapter, see Bennett Bronson,

    "The Role of Barbarians in the Fall of States," Norman Yoffee and George L.

    Cowgill, ed., The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, pp. 196-218.

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