    41

    18. A.L. Kroeber, "Psychosis or Social Sanction," in A.L. Kroeber, The Nature of

    Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1952, p. 313.  Charles Winick,

    Dictionary of Anthropology, Philosophical Library, New York, 1956, pp. 19, 67-68,

    265.  Torrey E. Fuller, Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists, Perennial Library, Harper &

    Row, New York, 1986, p. 51.  Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, p. 243.

    19. David Lamb, The Africans: Encounters From The Sudan To The Cape,

    Methuen, London, 1986, p. 81.

    20. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 158.

    21. "Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men?" Constance Holden, Science,

    October 9, 1987, pp. 158-160.

    22. "Thabit: The Death of the Knight Rabia, Called Boy Longlocks," in  William H.

    McNeill and Marilyn Robinson Waldman, ed., The Islamic World, pp. 6-8.

    23. "The Gender Option" by Melvin Konner, in The Sciences,

    November/December 1987, p. 3.  The tendency of males to die violently at the

    hands of their fellows is by no means limited to humans.  Among European moose

    and red deer over 10% of the males die as a result of battles with their rivals.

    (Douglass H. Morse, Behavioral Mechanisms In Ecology, p. 197.)

    24. As calculated by MIT's Richard Rhodes ("Epidemic of War Deaths," Science

    News, August 20, 1988, p. 124.)

    25. There have been exceptions to this rule.  Some North American Indians, Aleuts

    and even ancient Irish were polygamous (H.R. Hays, From Ape To Angel: An

    Informal History of Social Anthropology, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1958, p. 167; The

    Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier, Inc., Danbury, Connecticut, 1985, Vol. 22, p.

    365).  But the vast bulk of polygamous societies have been located in more tropical

    regions.  Of 31 polygamous cultures listed by William N. Stephens, 27 are based in

    warm climates, and only four belong to the earth's chillier zones.  (William M.

    Stephens, The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,

    New York, 1964, pp. 49-69.  See also: James Lowell Gibbs, Jr., "Polygamy,"

    Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 15, p. 419.  James Lowell Gibbs, Jr.,

    "Monogamy," Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 13, p. 536.)

    26. For the relationship between the share of work handled by women and

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