    139

    14. James Burke, Connections, p. 78.  James Burke, The Day The Universe Changed,

    Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1986, pp. 282-289.  Daniel Boorstin, The

    Discoverers, pp. 679-684.

    15. James Burke, The Day The Universe Changed, p. 277.

    16. It's not that England was totally devoid of entrepreneurs and inventors.  Swan, for

    example, came up with an incandescent light bulb very early in the game.  And Henry

    Wilde was producing dynamos at a respectable clip.  But with their patrician British

    rhythms, these men of the old order didn't stand a chance.  Swan, for example, felt it

    would be unsporting to patent his inventions.  He also made sure that each bulb he

    produced was individually graded according to its filament's characteristics before it left

    the plant.  The Americans and Germans were not slowed down by such niceties.  Edison,

    for example, patented almost everything he--or his employees-- could possibly think up.

    And he managed to sell 80,000 light bulbs in just his first fifteen months on the market.

    17. Harry Edward Neal, From Spinning Wheel to Spacecraft: The Story of the Industrial

    Revolution, pp. 92-93.

    18. Sources for this history of the commercial development of electricity include: C.

    Mackechnie Jarvis, "The Generation of Electricity," in Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R.

    Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of Technology: Volume V, The Late Nineteenth

    Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, pp. 184-199;  C. Mackechnie Jarvis, "The Distribution and

    Utilization of Electricity,"  in Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I

    Williams, eds., A History of Technology: Volume V, The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850

    to c. 1900, pp. 211-216.  A. Stowers, "The Stationary Steam Engine--1830-1900,"  in

    Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall and Trevor I Williams, eds., A History of

    Technology: Volume V, The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, pp. 133-134.

    19. Rosalind Williams, "Reindustrialization Past and Present," p. 50.

    20. Rosalind Williams, "Reindustrialization Past and Present," p. 50.

    21. Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War,

    1890-1914, p. 356.

    22. Rosalind Williams, "Reindustrialization Past and Present," p. 54.

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