    27

    27

    NOTES

    1.    Harold  M.  Schmeck,  Jr.,  Immunology, George Braziller, New York, 1974, pp.

    44-45.  Carla Reiter, "Toy Universes," Science 86, June, 1986, p. 56.  Lewis

    Thomas, The Lives of a Cell, pp. 43-48.

    2. from an interview with Margaret Mead in the audiotape series Sum and

    Substance, by Herman Harvey, Ph.D..  See also: Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression,

    Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1974, p. 83; and  Ruth Benedict, Patterns of

    Culture, A Mentor Book, New American Library, 1934 (1950 edition), p. 6.

    3. For a summary of social psychological research on the ease with which humans

    fall into us vs. them patterns, see Bertram H. Raven and Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social

    Psychology, pp. 639-650.

    4. Lewis Thomas and Robin Bates, "Notes of a Biology Watcher," produced and

    directed by Robin Bates, Nova program # 818, WGBH, Boston, 1981.

    5. David P. Barash, The Hare and the Tortoise: Culture, Biology, and Human

    Nature, Penguin Books, New York, 1987, p. 279.

    6. "[avian dialects permit a group cohesiveness and... tend to isolate... groups into

    separate geographic regions." John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in

    Animals, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980, p. 179.   See

    also: Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 80; Harold E. Burtt, The Psychology of

    Birds: An Interpretation of Bird Behavior, Macmillan, New York, 1967, p. 174; and

    James W. Grier, Biology of Animal Behavior, p. 575.  For dialects that serve the

    same purpose among frogs, see M.J. Ryan and W. Wilczynski, "Coevolution of

    Sender and Receiver: Effect on Local Mate Preference in Cricket Frogs," Science,

    June 24, 1988, pp. 1786-1787.

    7. Edward O. Wilson, The Insect Societies, p. 272;  George Ordish, The Year of the

    Ant, p. 43.

    8. The leading expert on social distance as a cultural marker is anthropologist

    Edward T. Hall.  See his Beyond Culture, Anchor Books, New York, 1977.

    9. Deuteronomy 6:7-9.

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