    36

    1988, pp. 540-545.

    43. Jay R. Kaplan, Stephen B. Manuck, Thomas B. Clarkson, Frances M. Lusso,

    David M. Taub and Eric W. Miller, "Social Stress and Atherosclerosis in

    Normocholesterolemic Monkeys,"  Science, May 13, 1983, pp. 733-735.

    44. Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Mind, Bantam Books, New York, 1988, p. 152.

    45. Bertram H. Raven, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social Psychology, John Wiley & Sons,

    New York, 1983, pp. 56-57.  The number of studies that demonstrate the damage

    of disrupted social ties is now enormous.  See, for example, Kenneth R. Pelletier's

    references to the impact of bereavement and job loss on mortality in his article

    "Stress: Etiology, Assessment, and Management in Holistic Medicine," in Hans

    Selye, editor, Selye's Guide To Stress Research, Volume 3, Scientific and

    Academic Editions, Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y., 1983, pp. 51-53.  See also I.G.

    Sarason, B.R. Sarason and G.R. Pierce, "Social Support, Personality, and Health,"

    in S. Maes, C.D. Spielberger, P.B. Defares and I.G. Sarason, Topics In Health

    Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, pp. 245-256; and Sheldon

    Cohen, J. R. Kaplan, Joan E. Kunick, Steven E. Manuck, Bruce S. Rabin, "Chronic

    Social Stress Affiliation and Cellular Immune Response in Non-Human Primates,"

    Psychological Science, September 1992, p. 301.   Early researchers like Durkheim

    and Halbwachs also saw a clear relationship between isolation and suicide.

    (Walter T. Martin, "Theories of Variation In the Suicide Rate," in Jack P. Gibbs, ed.,

    Suicide, Harper & Row, New York, 1968, pp. 76-80.)  And more recent research

    has shown that suicides actually go down on holidays which stress "social inte-

    gration" by bringing families together.  (David P. Phillips, "A Dip in Deaths Before

    Ceremonial Occasions: Some New Relationships Between Social Integration and

    Mortality,"  American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84, pp. 1150-1174;  David P.

    Phillips and Judith Lu, "The Frequency of Suicides Around Major Public Holidays:

    Some Surprising Findings," Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, Spring, 1980,

    pp. 41-50.)

    46. Jane Goodall, In The Shadow of Man, 1971, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1983

    (originally published 1971), pp. 99, 232-236.

    47. Flo and Flint's deaths occurred after Goodall's book, In The Shadow of Man,

    was written.  It is chronicled in Among The Wild Chimpanzees, the television

    special the researcher made for The National Geographic. (Barbara Jampel editor

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