    35

    37. William Morton Wheeler,  "The ant colony as an organism," Journal of

    Morphology, 1911, 22:307-25.  Edward O. Wilson, The Insect Societies, The

    Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971, p.

    317.  James Lovelock, co-creator of the controversial Gaia Hypothesis, feels that

    "the first person to use the concept 'superorganism'" was probably "James Hutton,

    the father of geology," who applied the notion to the earth itself in 1789.  (James

    Lovelock, personal communication, September 10, 1990.)

    38. Lewis Thomas, Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher, Bantam Books,

    New York, 1975 (originally published by Viking, 1974), pp. 149-55.

    39. Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue

    with Nature, Bantam Books, New York, 1984, pp. 156-159.  (Prigogine is a holder

    of a Nobel Prize for his work on mathematical patterns that may someday help

    explain the agglomeration of superorganisms.)  John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution

    of Culture in Animals, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980,

    pp.78, 80, 103 (these pages include an extra bonus--illustrations of the slime mold's

    life cycle).  Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher, pp.

    14-15.  Norman S. Kerr, "Slime Mold,"   Academic American Encyclopedia, Grolier

    Incorporated, Danbury, Connecticut, 1985, Vol. 17, p. 362.  The New

    Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, 1986,

    Vol. 10, p. 879.  Leo W. Buss, The Evolution of Individuality, Princeton University

    Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 70-73.

    40. Rene A. Spitz, "Hospitalism: An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric

    Conditions in Early Childhood," pp. 53-74.  Rene A. Spitz, M.D. with Katherine M.

    Wolf, Ph.D., "Anaclitic Depression: An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric

    Conditions in Early Childhood, II," p. 331.  Marilyn T. Erickson, Child Psycho-pa-

    thology: Behavior Disorders and Developmental Disabilities, p. 87.  Leo Kanner,

    M.D.,  Child Psychiatry, pp. 684-685.  Raymond J. Corsini, ed., Bonnie D. Ozaki,

    assistant ed., Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1, p. 161.

    41. Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of Molecular

    Psychology, Atheneum, New York, 1987, p. 161.

    42. For a thorough review of these consequences, see James S. House, Karl R.

    Landis and Debra Umberson, "Social Relationships and Health," Science, July,

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