    33

    Massachusetts, 1984, pp. 78-82.   Dr. Bernhard Grzimek, Grzimek's Animal Life

    Encyclopedia, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1972, Vol. 13, p. 295.

    24. "little precise information exists about the relatedness of the members of most

    natural populations." Douglass H. Morse, Behavioral Mechanisms in Ecology, pp.

    119-120;  "temporary seasonal groups, such as wintering flocks of migratory

    sparrows... are unlikely to be composed of closely related individuals...." Morse, p.

    122.

    25. For a different approach to the problem of self-sacrifice, see Herbert A. Simon,

    A Mechanism for Social Selection and Successful Altruism, Science, December 21,

    1990, pp. 1665-1668.

    26. Harry F. and Margaret Kuenne Harlow, "Social Deprivation in Monkeys,"

    Scientific American, November, 1962, p. 138.  Harry F. Harlow and Gary Griffin,

    "Induced Mental and Social Deficits in Rhesus Monkeys," pp. 99-105.  Harry F.

    Harlow, Learning To Love, p. 113.  Ernest R. Hilgard, Psychology In America: A

    Historical Survey, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, 1987, p. 400.  Allan M.

    Schrier, "Harry F. Harlow," Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 10,  pp. 50-51.

    27. For a detailed description of the festival of Muharram, see Elias Canetti, Crowds

    and Power, trans. Carol Stewart, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1984, pp.

    146-154.

    28. For a thorough history of early Christianity's love affair with celibacy, see Peter

    Brown,  The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early

    Christianity, Columbia University Press, New York, 1988.

    29.  V. C. Wynne-Edwards, Evolution Through Group Selection, Blackwell Scientific

    Publications, Oxford, England, 1986, pp. 87, 91-93.

    30.  Martin C. Raff, Barbara A. Barres, Julia F. Burne, Harriet S. Coles, Yasuki

    Ishizaki, Michael D. Jacobson, "Programmed Cell Death and the Control of Cell

    Survival: Lessons from the Nervous System," Science, October 29, 1993, pp. 695-

    699.  M. Stroh, "Genes Determine When Cells Live or Die," Science News, April 11,

    1992, p. 230.  Gabrielle Strobel, "Guardian Genes," Science News, January 15,

    1994, pp. 44-45.

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