    61

    95. Napoleon Chagnon describes the troubles of those who move down in the

    inter-group pecking order in grim terms.  As a tribe called the Patanowä-teri slid to

    the bottom, for example, they fell into "rather desperate straits.  Their old enemies...

    began raiding them with even greater frequency....  A few additional villages began

    raiding the Patanowä-teri to settle old grudges, realizing that the Patanowä-teri had

    so many enemies that they could  not possibly retaliate against all of them.  The

    Patanowä-teri then began moving from one location to another, hoping to avoid and

    confuse their enemies. ...Each group that raided them passed the word to other

    villages concerning the location of the Patanowä-teri. ...The raids were frequent and

    took a heavy toll.  ...The Patanowä-teri were raided at least twenty-five times while I

    conducted my fieldwork." (Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, p.

    127).  For a full description of the Patanowä-teri plight, one that gives a graphic

    sense of how pecking order slippage can make life unbearable among the

    Yanomamo, see Chagnon, pp. 124-137.

    96. Romila Thapar, A History of India, Volume One, Penguin Books,

    Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1966 (1985 edition), pp. 29-35.  D.D.

    Kosambi, Ancient India: A History of Its Culture and Civilization, Pantheon Books (A

    Division of Random House), New York, 1965, pp. 72-83.  Patricia Bahree, The

    Hindu World, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, N.J., 1985, p. 10.  Chester G.

    Starr, A History of the Ancient World, Oxford University Press, New York, 1974, p.

    166.  For a dissenting view on the Aryan invasion, see Franklin Southworthy, "The

    Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asian Language Contact," in The Uses of Lin-

    guistics, ed. Edward Bendix, Vol. 583, New York Academy of Sciences, New York,

    1990, p. 207.

    97. Romila Thapar, A History of India, Volume One, pp. 37-38.  Abu Raihan

    Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Albiruni's India,  pp. 100-101.  Al-Biruni--who has

    shown up in these footnotes before-- was a famed Arab mathematician, astronomer

    and historian  of the 11th Century   who learned Sanskrit and traveled in India for

    thirteen years as a guest of Sultan Mahmud, ruler of territories in Afghanistan and

    Iran.  Al-Biruni's highly sympathetic account of the Hindu world of nearly 1,000

    years ago is extraordinary.  See also D.D. Kosambi, Ancient India: A History of Its

    Culture and Civilization, p. 86.

    98. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History, Willey [sic] Book Co.,

    New York, 1900, pp. 146, 152, 153.  Hegel cites "Manu's Code" as his source.  For

    more on the privileges of the Brahmans and the penalties inflicted on the lower

    castes see Albiruni, Albiruni's India, pp. 136, 162, 163.

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