    90

    171. James M. Dabbs, Jr., Robin Morris, "Testosterone, Social Class, and

    Antisocial Behavior in a Sample of 4,462 Men," Psychological Science, May, 1990,

    pp. 209-211.  For a dissenting view of testosterone's effects, see Marvin Harris, Our

    Kind: who we are, where we came from, where we are going, Harper & Row, N.Y.,

    1989,  pp. 264-266.

    172. Eleanor Grant, "Of Muscles and Mania," Psychology Today, September, 1987,

    p. 12.  For citations of studies showing that steroids heighten aggressive behavior

    in laboratory animals, see Bruce Svare, "Steroid Use and Aggressive Behavior,"

    Science, December 2, 1988, p. 1227.

    173. David McFarland, ed., The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior, p. 10.

    174.  From an article in The Journal of Neuro-Science, abstracted in Brain/Mind

    Bulletin, March 1992, p. 7.

    175. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 124.  The same phenomenon has been

    observed in female ring doves, rats, and a variety of other species. (Joseph Altman,

    Organic Foundations of Animal Behavior, p. 453.)

    176. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology, p. 139.

    177. David Attenborough, The Living Planet: A Portrait of the Earth, Little, Brown

    and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1984, pp. 156-159.  Lon L. McClanahan,

    Rodolfo Ruibal and Vaughan H. Shoemaker, "Frogs and Toads in Deserts,"

    Scientific American, March 1994, pp. 82-88.

    178. Anne Scott Beller, Fat & Thin: A Natural History of Obesity, Farrar, Straus and

    Giroux, New York, 1977, p. 251.

    179. David Holzman, "How Gray Matter Can Mend Itself," Insight, February 6,

    1989, p. 51

    180. Metabolism increases by as much as 30% after the intake of food.  Oxygen

    consumption and body temperature both go up.  The phenomenon is called specific

    dynamic action.  (Saul Balagura, Hunger: A Biophysical Analysis, Basic Books,

    New York, 1973, p. 94.  Anne Scott Beller, Fat & Thin: A Natural History of Obesity,

    p. 157.)  In rats, body temperature rises before the first bite of food is even

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