    55

    33. Sarwat Saulat, The Life of the Prophet, p. 17.

    34. H.G. Wells, Outline of History, p. 375. Sarwat Saulat, The Life of the Prophet, p.

    39-40.

    35. The followers of Ali wouldn't begin to formally define themselves as Shiites

    ("Shi'at Ali," the party of Ali) until after Ali's death.  (Mohamed Heikal, The Return of

    the Ayatollah, p. 79.)  For the sake of simplicity, I've taken the liberty of referring to

    them as Shiites from the beginning.

    36. This is a figure of speech.  Mohammed's revelations were not formally

    assembled into the Koran until 20 years after the Prophet's death.

    37. H.G. Wells, Outline of History, pp. 374-380.

    38. H.G. Wells, Outline of History, p. 382. J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the

    World, p. 323. Ronald Grigor Suny, "Armenia," Academic American Encyclopedia,

    Volume 2, p. 172.

    39. Fazlur Rahman, Islam, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1979, p.

    171.

    40. H.G. Wells, Outline of History, p. 384.

    41. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History

    of Islam: Volume I, The Central Islamic Lands, Cambridge University Press,

    Cambridge, England, 1970, p. 72.  J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World,

    p. 326.

    42. William R. Polk and William J. Mares, Passing Brave, Ballantine Books, New

    York, 1973,  p. 103.  Polk is director of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of

    Chicago and was a staffer in the State Department's Policy Planning Council under

    the Kennedy administration.  Mares is a former reporter for the Chicago Sun Times.

    In 1971, the pair mounted an expedition to cross the great sand barrier of Northern

    Arabia by camel.  It was a deliberate effort to recapture the way of life of the

    Bedouins who had founded Arabic culture.

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