    48

    30. Daniel Goleman, Ph.D., Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of

    Self-Deception, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1985, p. 38.    Martin E. Seligman

    and Steven Maier, at the University of Pennsylvania, achieved the same results

    reported on by Goleman in their experiments.  (Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Mind,

    p. 152.)

    31. In fact, the word endorphin is a contraction of the phrase "endogenous

    morphine." (Floyd E. Bloom, "Endorphins," Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Vol. 1,

    p. 393.  See also Jesse Roth and Derek LeRoith, "Chemical Cross Talk: Why

    Human Cells Understand the Molecular Messages of Plants," The Sciences,

    May-June, 1987, p.53; McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology,

    McGraw Hill, New York, 1982, Vol. 5, p. 72;  Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple

    Truths, pp. 30-31; Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of

    Molecular Psychology,  p. 78; and O.T. Phillipson, "Endorphins," in Richard L.

    Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion to The Mind, Oxford University Press, New

    York, 1987, pp. 221-223.)

    32. Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths, pp. 34-36, 38.

    33. I've taken the liberty of combining the results of an extensive series of

    experiments.  UCLA researchers found that subjecting rats to uncontrollable foot

    shocks raised their endorphin levels.  But giving them shocks they could control did

    not tweak endorphin levels in the least.  To the contrary, the controllable shocks

    upped the release of "non-opioids"--presumably chemicals like ACTH, a substance

    that heightens attention (Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths, p. 38).

    Meanwhile, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania and numerous other

    institutions also subjected rats, dogs and other animals to uncontrollable punish-

    ment.  The investigators discovered that this treatment--the very same form of

    torture which had been proven to boost endorphin levels-- had a devastating impact

    on vertebrate learning and behavior.  The lab animals lost interest in food and sex.

    More important, when they were taught to run mazes,  their learning rate was far,

    far lower than that of their normal cousins.  They showed an appalling mental

    sluggishness. (Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of

    Molecular Psychology p. 131; Leonard A. Sagan, "Family Ties: The Real Reason

    People Are Living Longer," The Sciences, March/April, 1988, p. 28.)  Experiments

    with the endorphin-blocking chemical naltrexone indicated that the substance which

    had muffled the creatures' brains was almost certainly endorphin.

    34.  Beth Livermore, "At Least Take a Deep Breath," Psychology Today, September

    1992, p. 44.

    35. Herbert M. Lefcourt, Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research,

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