    39

    NOTES

    1. William F. Allman, "Mindworks," Science 86, May, 1986, pp. 23-31.  Additional

    information for this chapter comes from: James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart

    and the PDP Research Group, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the

    Microstructure of Cognition--Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models, A

    Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1986; and Doyne Farmer, Alan

    Lapedes, Norman Packard and Burton Wendroff editors, Evolution, Games and

    Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature, Proceedings of the Fifth

    Annual International Conference of the Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos,

    NM 87545, USA, May 20-24, 1985, North-Holland Physics Publishing, Amsterdam,

    The Netherlands, 1985.  See also Elizabeth Pennish, "Of Great God Cybernetics

    And His Fair-Haired Child," The Scientist, November 14, 1988, pp. 5, 23.

    2. William F. Allman, "Designing Computers That Think The Way We Do,"

    Technology Review, May/June, 1987, pp. 59-65.

    3. Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Brain, p. 226.

    4. This is not a fanciful example.  John J. Hopfield points out "the fact that the

    supernova in the crab nebula was extensively documented (described [in detail

    over several months) in the Chinese literature of the 11th century.  It produced a

    star visible in mid-day, so was clearly a singular event.  The Chinese were

    interested in such events at the time.  The European Christian culture was not.

    This singular event went unrecorded in western literature, although the star would

    have been readily visible in southern Europe in 1054." (Personal communication

    from Hopfield.) For a detailed account of the event Hopfield is referring to, see

    Hans Breuer, Columbus Was Chinese: Discoveries and Inventions of the Far East,

    Herder and Herder, New York, 1972, pp. 1-15.

    5. As paraphrased by Stephen J. Gould in Hen's Teeth and Horses' Toes,  p. 286.

    6. Marvin Minsky, The Society of  Mind, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986.

    7. Richard M. Restak, M.D., The Mind, p. 249.  Innovation, September 8, 1986.

    8. "decision making about a colony's food sources is not conducted by some small

    group of leader bees, but instead is a product of the intricately interwoven

    behaviors of thousands of individual bees." Thomas D. Seeley, Honeybee Ecology:

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