    60

    82. J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, p. 235.

    83. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 115-116.

    84. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 87-88.

    85. Polybius, The History of Polybius, translated from the text of F. Hultsch by

    Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1962, Vol.

    II, p. 64.

    86. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 87, 182.

    87. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 157-159.

    88. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, p. 161.

    89. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 187-190.

    90. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 187-204.

    91. Ernle Bradford, Hannibal, pp. 17-19, 207-209.  Additional details for this narrative

    of Carthage and Hannibal come from Allen M. Ward, "Carthage," Academic

    American Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 173-174; and Allen M. Ward, "Hannibal,"

    Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 38.

    92. Though Gadir (Cadiz) had been founded by the Phoenicians, it became the key

    base for Carthage in the development of her commercial relations with Spain.  And

    it later was the center from which Hamilcar Barca carried out his subjugation of the

    Spanish tribes.  Other important Carthaginian outposts in Spanish territory included

    Ebesus (Ibiza) and Carthago Nova (Cartagena). (James Mitchell, ed.,  The

    Illustrated Reference Book of Classical History, p. 35.)

    93. William Manchester, The Glory And The Dream, p. 789.

    94. Tad Szulc, Fidel, p. 509.

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