    36

    36

    36

    Introduction, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1977, p. 42.)  The practice of

    raiding to steal women has been  almost universal. Twenty-four hundred years after

    Odysseus, Mongol heroes found warfare a convenient way of acquiring new wives.

    (James Chambers, The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe,

    Atheneum, New York, 1979, p. 53.)  And until the white man arrived, even the

    Kwakiutl Indians of the Pacific Northwest made war in the hope of enslaving a rival

    tribe's females.  (Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human

    Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State, p. 171.)

    42.  For recent arguments between scientists who view genes as the driving force

    behind war and their theoretical adversaries who regard the cause of conflict as a

    struggle for territory and resources, see Ann Gibbons, "Evolutionists Take the Long

    View on Sex and Violence: warring over women," Science, August 20, 1993, pp.

    987-988.

    43. Steven Frautschi, "Entropy In An Expanding Universe," in Bruce H. Weber,

    David J. Depew and James D. Smith, Entropy, Information and Evolution: New

    Perspectives on Physical and Biological Evolution, p. 11.  George Gamow, One,

    Two, Three--Infinity, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1988, pp. 298-313.

    44. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, New York, 1976

    (1978 paperback edition).

    45. For a vision of the rise of replicators that differs in interesting ways from

    Dawkins', see Jeffrey S. Wicken, "Thermodynamics, Evolution and Emergence:

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