    31

    8.  P. Diamandopoulos, "Thales of Miletus," The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul

    Edwards, editor, MacMillan, New York, 1967, Vol. 8, p. 97.

    9.  Alan Moorehead, Darwin and the Beagle, 1969, available unabridged from

    Books On Tape, Newport Beach, Ca.

    10.  Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection or The

    Preservation of Favoured Races In the Struggle For Life, ed. J.W. Burrow, Penguin

    Books, London, 1968 (originally published in 1859), p. 257.

    11.  Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, John

    Murray, London, 1871, p. 93.

    12. V.C. Wynne-Edwards, Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior,

    Hafner, New York, 1962.

    13. David L. Hull, Science As A Process: an evolutionary account of the social and

    conceptual development of science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988, p.

    210.  For a further summation of the attacks on Edwards and individual selection,

    see Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, "Natural Selection and Decision-

    Making: Some Fundamental Principles," in Eric Alden Smith and Bruce

    Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Aldine de Gruyter,

    New York, 1992, pp.29-32.  One of the primary arguments used to dismiss Wynne-

    Edwards and group selection has been that competition between groups is not

    sufficiently frequent to be statistically significant.  Yet associate professor of ecology

    and evolution at SUNY Stony Brook Charles Janson cites "the frequency of

    between-group contests" as one of "the two major ecological benefits of large social

    groups" among primates.  And he makes this assertion in a book which repeatedly

    expresses the obligatory skepticism about group selection.  (Charles Janson,

    "Evolutionary Ecology of Primate Social Structure," in Eric Alden Smith and Bruce

    Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, pp. 106, 109.)

    14. For J.B.S. Haldane's early suggestions of the concept of kin selection, see

    David L. Hull, Science As a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and

    Conceptual Development of Science, p. 60.

    15.  According to personal correspondence between the author and V.C. Wynne-

    Edwards.

    16. Stephen Jay Gould, Hen's Teeth And Horses' Toes, W.W. Norton, New York,

    1984.

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