    54

    Harrison Salisbury, Black Night, White Snow, pp. 334-5.

    26. John Reed, Ten Days That Shook The World, pp. 10, 35.

    27.4

    n 1921 Russian pig-iron production was about one-fifth of its 1913 level, that

    of coal a tiny 3 per cent or so...." J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, pp.

    842-843.

    28. These figures come from the official Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR.

    Cited in Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia In Power: The History of

    the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, p. 120.  Also see Bruce W. Lincoln, Red

    Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, Simon and Schuster, N.Y., 1989.

    29. Yevgeny Yevtushenko, "Civic Timidity Is Killing Perestroika," Liturnaya Gazeta,

    reprinted in World Press Review, July, 1988, p. 27.

    30. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia In Power: The History of the

    Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, p. 235.  The figure of fifteen million deaths

    comes from Iosif G. Dyadkin, Unnatural Deaths in the USSR, 1928-1954,

    Transaction Books, New Brunswick, New Jersey, p. 25.  Dyadkin was professor of

    geophysics at the All-Union Geophysical Research Institute in the Soviet town of

    Kalinin until he was arrested in 1980 for writing this book.

    31. J.R. Tanner, C.W. Previte-Orton, Z.N. Brooke, eds., Cambridge Medieval

    History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1968, p. 285.  Norman

    Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, Oxford University Press, New York, 1974, pp.

    136-140.  Marvin Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddles of Culture,

    pp. 194-197.

    32. For an extremely good account of the struggle that  split the early Moslem world

    between Shiites and Sunnis, see Mohammad Heikal, The Return of the Ayatollah,

    Andre Deutsch Limited, London, 1981 (1983 paperback edition), pp. 75-80.  Heikal

    was the longtime editor of Egypt's leading newspaper, Al Ahram, and was a close

    confidant of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser.  His analysis provides the

    foundation on which my narrative is based.  For the emotional dimension of the

    Shiite faith, see Elias Canetti, Crowds and Power, pp. 146-154.  See also E.L.

    Danie, "Abbasid Dynasty," in Ainslie Thomas Embree, ed., Encyclopedia of Asian

    History, Vol. I, p. 3.

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