Additional Problems

| 41 | ssm The lambda particle has an electric charge of zero. It is a baryon and, hence, is composed of three quarks. They are all different. One of these quarks is the up quark u, and there are no antiquarks present. Make a list of the three possibilities for the quarks contained in . (Other information is needed to decide which one of these possibilities is the particle.)

| 42 | During an X-ray examination, a person is exposed to radiation at a rate of 3.1 × 10−5 grays per second. The exposure time is 0.10 s, and the mass of the exposed tissue is 1.2 kg. Determine the energy absorbed.

| 43 | Identify the unknown species in the nuclear reaction , where d stands for the deuterium isotope of hydrogen.

| 44 | The energy released by each fission within the core of a nuclear reactor is 2.0 × 102 MeV. The number of fissions occurring each second is 2.0 × 1019. Determine the power (in watts) that the reactor generates.

* | 45 | ssm Imagine your car is powered by a fusion engine in which the following reaction occurs: . The masses are (2.0141 u), (4.0026 u), (1.0078 u), and (1.0087 u). The engine uses 6.1 × 10−6 kg of deuterium fuel. If one gallon of gasoline produces 2.1 × 109 J of energy, how many gallons of gasoline would have to be burned to equal the energy released by all the deuterium fuel?

* | 46 | Multiple-Concept Example 1 discusses some of the physics principles that are used to solve this problem. What absorbed dose (in rad) of rays is required to change a block of ice at 0.0 °C into steam at 100.0 °C?

* | 47 | (a) If each fission reaction of a nucleus releases about 2.0 × 102 MeV of energy, determine the energy (in joules) released by the complete fissioning of 1.0 gram of . (b) How many grams of are consumed in one year, in order to supply the energy needs of a household that uses 30.0 kWh of energy per day, on the average?

* | 48 | Suppose the nucleus fissions into two fragments whose mass ratio is 0.32:0.68. With the aid of Figure 32-9, estimate the energy (in MeV) released during this fission.

** | 49 | One kilogram of dry air at STP conditions is exposed to 1.0 R of X-rays. One roentgen is defined by Equation 32.1. An equivalent definition can be based on the fact that an exposure of one roentgen deposits 8.3 × 10−3 J of energy per kilogram of dry air. Using the two definitions and assuming that all ions produced are singly charged, determine the average energy (in eV) needed to produce one ion in air.

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