48                  WARNING! WARNING! WARNING!

THE FOLLOWING FILE IS NOT TERMINATED BUT SOON WILL BE DONE ASAP
IN HYPERTEXT AND WITH PIX WHEN NEED BE SO PLEASE BARE WITH ME
TILL THEN, MUCH INFORMATION CAN BE USED MEANWHILE FOR YOUR
ENJOYMENT OR PLEASURE. MEANWHILE IF YOU HAVE ANY TIPS FOR ME
SEND THEM UP BY E-MAIL TO:     richard@io.org


WHAT ABOUT READY-MADE F-D KITS:


Anyone  who  goes over half a day from civilisation  &  a  doctor
should whenever possible be armed with an adequate first-aid  kit
& a fair working knowledge of how to use it.

This precaution he owes it to himself & to any who accompany him.

No  more  than  a  reasonable measure, it can sometime  mean  the
difference between life & death, also between an easily  repaired
disability & one that last a life time.

The  ready-packed commercial kit, excellent as they  may  be  for
many  purposes,  seldom are satisfactory for the  individual  who
wanders far from beaten trail.

Those kits are made on the assumption that there is a doctor near
by. Best to make one up following the list given.

US  ARMY RECOMMENDS THIS FIRST-AID KIT STRESSING ONLY THE  STRICT
NECESSARY ITEMS YET READY TO TREAT MAJOR WOUNDS & SHOCKS!

Individual  dressings (10cm x 18cm) or sterile  gauze  strips  in
plastic  containers  air-tight  sealed./  Compresses  &  Bandages
(5cmx5cmx4cm) long.

Bandage  gauze compress style (8cm x 5 1/2 meters) / 3  rolls  of
bandage  gauze  (2 1/2cm x 5cm x 5 1/2 meters) /  Bandage  muslin
compress  style  (95cm  x  95cm x 130cm)  /  3  gaze  strip  with
petroleum jelly /vaseline.

(7  1/2cm  x90cm) 100 adhesive strips tape (2 1/2cm x 7 1/2cm)  /
300 adhesive strips (2cm x 7 1/2cm) / Eye drops & eye compress.

Ethyl Chloride in spray. / Ammonia solution ampoule (10 units  of
1/3cc).

Ammonia is very good against most insect bites as well as  chewed
tobacco / Non-ferrous iodine 10% (14 gr.of 148cc) /

A mixture of salt & #bicarbonate# powder & surgical razor blades.
DESERT F-D KIT:

The following items suggested by Dr. Hulsey  a medical EXPERT  IN
THE DESERT FIELD they MUST be kept in freezer bag.

A small box of foot powder. A snake byte kit. Here are some items
for special cases some need prescription.

SEA  SICKNESS:  Bonine  Nausea & vomits: suppository.  Diarrhoea:
Opium dye.

Indigestion:  Antacid  tablets.  Head  ache:  aspirin  even  222.
Painful  hurt: narcotic/ Sleeping pills that calm the  pain  even
shocks.

Insect bytes Poison Ivy etc.: A lotion made of calamine base with
1  %  of Phenol 1% of menthol 1% of hydrocortisone. Bee bites use
meat tenderiser especially good for that.

Tampax  or Stay free/ Vaseline best: Because you can  eat  it   &
cook  with it etc. Garlic extracts capsules (natural food  store)
will drive away mosquitoes & theirs cousins.

Salt  pills & malaria pills are needed if you go in jungle/ Water
purifying pills. Halazone or equivalent

Suntan lotion & lip cream to avoid cracking. (Vaseline) /Betadine
- Vita-29 * Vitamin C pill. Cortisone in spray via sunburn.

Mosquito  &  bugs repellent containing at least 40% NN  *Diethyl-
Metalo-luamide. Zomax & antibiotic such as Tetrex. /  Small  pack
of safety pins.

BASIC EMERGENCY FIRST-AID KIT:

1  triangular  40" sterile bandage with 2 safety pins  =;  direct
application  while sterile over wounds covering sterile  dressing
or slings padding splint & traction ties tourniquet.

6   assorted  gauze  roller  bandages  of  different  widths   in
individual  sterile pkg. + 6 gauze compresses 3" square  each  in
sterile  packing  =  direct  application  over  wounds  +  direct
pressure to stop bleeding holding compress in place.

1  pkg.  small  adhesive compresses with  plastic  tape  &  plain
sterile pads =: Cover minor wounds tape abrasion to guard against
irritation  &  infection protect blisters draw cuts  together  in
field

1 small bar detergent = clean hand before first-aid scrub wounds.
/  50  or less aspirins 5 grains = counteract pain relieve  shock
lower temperature. You may use stronger ones carefully.

12 sleeping pills For: help sleeping while in great pain. 1 small
applicator  fresh  2%  teinture of iodine =  to  disinfect  small
wounds paint tick bites antiseptic.

2  rolls  adhesive tape 2" wide = general taping holding compress
in place emergency repairs.

A set of needles & nylon thread: sewing clothes even skin. / 2 to
4  Elastic  bandages  4"  wide  = applied  fully  stretched  over
compress  one  or more or these as maybe necessary  will  usually
control  severe bleeding while unlike the dangerous and temporary
tourniquet (garrotte) permitting circulation.

Furthermore  these  can  be used anywhere while  tourniquet  will
serve only for extremities

Even  here  applications will many times  permit  the  gradual  &
fairly immediate removal of already applied tourniquet.

Good  for strapping chest tight to exclude air in puncture wounds
for  bandaging  of fractures & dislocation for pressure  bandages
when applied at half stretch for strains & sprains.

1/4oz.  tube of antiseptic-anaesthetic eye ointment = soothing  &
treating eye injuries & minor infections deadening pain prior  to
removing  embedded  particle  if distance  makes  this  necessary
treatment of pain & irritation of snow blindness.

1   good  fever  thermometer:  average  normal  temperature  98.6
fluctuation   of  one  degree  not  usually  being  regarded   as
significant.

1 small excellent scissors pointed. = In addition to regular uses
these can after sterilisation be employed to spread in preference
to slashing the incisions (indicated in snake bite treatment).

Such  disruption  of  the  tissue by  blunt  dissection  although
painful will more safely avoid injury to blood vessels tendons  &
nerves.

1  sharply pointed tweezers or splinter forceps = removing thorns
&  splinters.  The latter may also be valuable in spreading  open
rather then cutting certain incisions.

2  curved  surgeon's  needles with ligature  &  needle  holder  =
emergency  sewing  when sterilized as by boiling  of  wounds  not
easily closed by other means.

Cleanse wound first as by flushing liberally with sterile  water.
Pick  out  any  debris  and even scrub if that  seems  necessary.
After sewing paint externally with tincture of iodine.

Oil  of  cloves via tooth-ache but we also have seen a very  good
method that is via alcohol through nostril.

The  alcohol or cognac etc. is imbedded in cotton wool  that  you
put  in  the nostril closing the other one, the patient  breathes
the  alcohol  that penetrates to the nerve behind the  nose  that
relieves the pain.

Vitamin  B.  Complex  & C in high potency  stress  doses.  =:  To
replenish body needs being drained by severe accident or  illness
that set up a condition of stress that very quickly depletes  the
body of certain vital substances.

Among which are the endocrine that are extremely valuable in  the
successful resolution of troubles.

It   is   then  important  to  maintain  an  adequate  nutrition-
emphasising B complex C & protein & these stress doses  can  mean
the difference..

If  you are going in extreme wilderness on canoe pack horse  trip
weeks from the nearest physician get a vial of 20 (1/4 grain)  of
morphine sulphate hypo tablets to be procured & used as directed.

These may be invaluable for such use as to counteracting pain  as
when  a  frozen foot has been thawed & treated & for  controlling
severe digestive troubles as by breaking up a cycle of vomiting.

Better for administration in extreme shock however maybe a box of
5 automatic injectors of morphine sulphate sterilised & ready for
instant  use  or a smaller box of 5 collapsible-tube  syringe  of
morphine-tartrate injected as directed.

Any  of these preparations may be taken by placing loosely  under
the  tongue  where not swallowed will be absorbed  systematically
into  the general circulation the effect of one does last usually
4  hours. Duration & effect depends of course on the individual &
the circumstances.

In  any event dosage should be repeated only with the utmost care
and  caution and then ordinarily only once to every 4 or 6  hour.
/1  Oz  more of Spirulina that we stress as high energy  Survival
Food.

ITEMS FOR THE POCKET:

In  a small plastic container you can put laxatives aspirins some
Dexedrine  sulphate  pills. Or some other concentrated  stimulant
suggested  by your doctor for ex: Spirulina when you  or  someone
else may need additional sustained energy in a hurry.

Antiseptic  for  scratches ex: Merthiolate  or  iodine.  REMEMBER
those suggested items go with the other list**

There  is  also  a very good F-D compact booklet from  US  States
Forest  Service   from the Supt. of Document  US  Govt.  Printing
Office  Wash. 25 DC.

IMPROVISED SPLINT:

Functional  splint can be made from a thick live  roll  of  birch
bark peeled from a tree whose circumference is similar to that of
the injured limb.

POISONING & UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE:

Many children accidentally absorb poison yet few parents know  of
this simple universal antidote. You should have it at home.

2 part of wood charcoal pulverised (you can also use burned toast
yet the toast MUST be totally carbonized & pulverised).

Then add 1 part of magnesia milk & 1 part of very strong tea.

If  your child has swallowed a toxic product give him as fast  as
you  can in a little bit of water at least 2 table spoon of  this
mixture.

How  does  it  work? If the poison is metallic  or  alkaline  the
tannic  acid  contained  in the tea will neutralise  it.  If  the
poison is acid the magnesia will neutralise it.

The wood charcoal even at very little dose can absorb very strong
quantities of toxic.

When  you  have given the antidote & call the doctor you  have  3
things to do;

1)    Discover the nature of the poison keep the   bottle or  the
box so that the doctor can quickly identify it.

2)    Except in case where the child had taken  soap  or  some
alkaline presenting burns  around the mouth make him vomit.

To  do this; the best procedure is to give him a glass of milk in
which  you  have mix a full broken egg (no shell).  When  he  has
drunk this mixture trust one finger in his throat.

3)   Give him another antidote mixture dose.

4)   Act quickly some toxic can bring death  in 5 minutes.

Usually  the  doctor is not equipped to treat poisoning  home  so
bring  the  child to the nearest hospital after having  used  the
Universal Antidote.

TYPES OF POISONINGS:

Liquids or solid taken by the mouth.

Corrosives:   Acids  &  alkalis   Non-corrosives  &  non-caustic.
Narcotics-aspirins-analgesic-sleeping pills-alcohol-gas & vapours
inhaled- Venom and needle drugs- other toxic.

FIRST-AID:  GOALS:

1)   Diminish poison strength.
2)   Eliminate the poison from the organism.
3)   Lower the absorption of poison.

GENERAL RULES WHEN TOXIC IS TAKEN BY MOUTH!:

If  you don't have the Universal Antidote then give water or milk
to dilute poison & make the victim to vomit.

DON'T MAKE VOMIT IF:

1)   Victim is in coma or unconscious.
2)   Victim has convulsions.

3)    Has  swallowed corrosive that burns the  mouth  or  throat:
     (cleaning products for toilets ammonia or Javex.

4)    Has  swallowed oil / by-product ex: kerosene  lighter-
     fluid, paint-thinner, Drano.

5)   Acids: Carbolic sulphuric (batteries) nitric      muriatic.

NARCOTICS:

They  induce  to sleep even to coma & death if overdose.  Try  to
stimulate the victim not to sleep make him walk shake him up  hit
him  at the foot's sole make him drink strong coffee. If he stops
breathing give him A/R.

CONVULSIVE:

They   provoke  convulsions  or  choking  sensations:  Strychnine
Belladonna some laxative pills. See General rules!

1)   Don't make vomit if: The victim has convulsions or has had
     some.

2)   Protect him from danger: Fire water objects.

3)   Keep him in cool quiet dark place.
4)   Don't stimulate him in any way.

5)    If  his  skin is hot & dry: Wash his body  with fresh water
     & apply cold compress on his forehead.

IRRITANTS:
Causing cramps & stomach pains such as: food berries mushrooms  &
medicaments. See general rules.

DELIRIOUS:

They  produce excitation delirium unconsciousness ex:  Belladonna
chloroform atropine certain cold /remedies. You might have to use
soft restrain on the victim.

ALCOHOL POISONING: See general rules.

Make him vomit if you can awaken the victim. Then make drink lots
of strong coffee or tea.

Call  a  doctor if: he has a head injury or circumstances warrant
them or if eye/ pupil is of unequal size.

Don't  ever  brush  off  the possibility  of  head  injury.  Many
(drunkards) put to bed to sleep it off died in their sleep due to
a head injury or heart attack.

GAS INHALATION or VAPOURS:

Natural gas ammoniac gas, gas fumes from cars or diesel (CO2).

1)    Bring him immediately to fresh air. If he don't  breathe
     then Artificial respiration.  (A/R)

2)   If need be: Call the ambulance or oxygen mask from fire-
     fighter.

PREVENTION OF POISONING IS A DUTY:

1)  All drug prescriptions MUST be kept out of  children's reach.

In  a place they cannot reach by climbing. An inoffensive drug or
medicament to an adult can be lethal to a kid.

2) All  boxes & bottles  of medicaments MUST be well identified.

3)   All old medicine or having lost ID MUST be discarded.

4)    Many cleaning liquids or powder are deadly. Lock them up.

5)   NEVER take medicaments in the dark. See what you take.

6)    Before taking or giving the medicament read 3 times. While
taking  the container. Once measuring the dose. Finally  while
putting the container back.

7)    ALL  POISONS  MUST BE CLEARLY LABELLED &  KEPT  LOCKED  UP.
     Separated from the medicaments and out of reach.

8)   Wash your hand before touching food.

9)   Storing food means keep it as clean as possible the  food
     which has aged or is unsure MUST be thrown out.

You MUST wash fruits or vegetables to get rid of any toxic spray
that could have stayed on.

10)   Bacteria poisoned quickly the food not put in  fridge  &
which contain milk cream eggs meat or fish.

SURVIVAL BOOST AND FOOD:

The  best  found  so  far & used in space  is  without  a  doubt;
Spirulina:  It is a very high protein algae you can find  it in
natural food store. Costly a bit yet worth every cent. 2 teaspoon
is all you need for the day.

Yet  we  suggest  you to better the taste with your  own  cooking
knowledge and ingredients. Straight with water it tastes awful.

RHEUMATISM REMEDY = "BONE OIL":

Taken from Russian Pilgrim P.92

This is a very old remedy yet no one seem to know of it. It could
be very useful for those who suffer from it. Dated 1430 AD.

"The  old man started to treat me. He went out to gather  in  the
fields  &  around the barns in the yards & garbage dumps  a  full
bucket  of  old  animal bones birds bones etc. all  kind  of  old
bones.

Then he washed them broke them in small pieces with a stone & put
them all in a big cooking pot that he covered with a top that had
a  hole  in  the  middle, then he turned it upside  down  over  a
smaller vase that he had beforehand buried in the soil.

He then carefully smeared a heavy coat of clay the bottom part of
this  big  cooking pot & then he covered the pot with  wood  logs
that he sat on fire letting it burn for 24 hours.

While  so doing, he was saying to himself "this will make a  fine
bone oil tar." The day after, he dug out the vase that was in the
soil  this vase had about 1 litre of red thick oil smelling  like
fresh meat.

As  for  the  bones that were in the big cooking pot of  black  &
rotten  that they had been they were now as white and transparent
as nacre or pearls.

5  times  a day he would massage my legs with his liquid. Believe
it or not after the very first day I could move my toes.

The  3rd day I could move and bend my legs & the 5th day I  could
walk  with  a cane in the yard & in 1 week my legs were  back  to
normal. PRAISE BE TO GOD!"

One  may wonder why doctors don't try this remedy. Well, for  one
they  don't speak Russian, nor are they incline to try old  folks
remedy.

Many  of them would rather sell pills then cure the pain. If  you
have this rheumatism what have you got to loose but the pain.

Perronaly I NEVER tried it for I don't suffer from it but be sure
that I will do if ever I am in that situation.

One  should  REMEMBER  how  penicillin was  first  discover.  The
doctors  had  noticed that wrapping war wounds  with  old  cheese
cloth   would  cure  their  patient  faster  without  the  deadly
gangrene.  They did not know why this old folk remedy worked  but
the results were there.

So  with  the help of technology they discovered the reason  that
was  that  old  cheese cloth that had serve to  wrap  cheese  had
mushroom embedded in it, the first start of penicillin in its raw
state.

I know of one person who tried it, she was suffering greatly from
it, and upon my advice, she gave it a try.

The  result  was sensational she told me a few years later  "away
with the crutches & she even build her own house to boot."

TABLE CONTENT: (CHECK THIS TABLE VIA UNDERNEATH)***

1)   Fundamental principals of  F/A
2)   Necessary equipment & how to use it.
3)   Artificial respiration

4)   Haemorrhage
5)   Poisoning
6)   Fainting

7)   Wound to head & spine
8)   Transport
9)   Wounds to bones & articulations
10)  Wounds due to heat burn or cold.

11)  Other  emergencies via: eyes, ears, nose, throat, stomach  &
     abdomen tooth ache, epilepsy -diabetes.

12)  Wounds & infections
13)  Child birth
14)  Others**

FIRST-AID:

1)   Fundamentals:  Emergency procedure to save  life  avoid
     other dangers to victims.

Decrease suffering until you get a doctor or to a hospital. To do
so one MUST:

1)   Learn to discover the pain's source then:
2)   To know what to do or not to do.
3)   How to do it.

FIRST-AID FORMATION:

1)   To prevent accidents.

2)    To do the right move at the right moment in  order to: Save
     lives. To avoid other injuries.

3)   To  organize  if  needed  a sure  &  appropriate way  of
     transportation.

In order to do this one MUST have cold blood in crisis by:

A)   Study the first-aid principles.

B)    Knowledge  &  instructions in how to move  a victim  of
     accident with normal or improvised materials.

C)   Constant & repeated exercises.

TAKING CHARGES:

First Job of a rescue team.

1)   MAKE SURE that no one else is doing the First-AID.

2)    Avoid  to  panic & have other to help you by giving them
     clear & concise orders.

3)   Call or have someone call the police ambulance or firemen
     advise the doctor or the hospital or both.

4)    Keep  the  crowd away in order to prevent confusion  &
     aggravation of the wounds & that #secourist# may work well.

PROTECT THE VICTIM:

Quickly  determine  the  possible dangers for the  victims  and
#secourists# or helpers in:

Checking the surroundings: ex: Electrical wires, slippery grounds
scaffolding etc.

1)    It  may  be  necessary to move the  victim  away  to  place
guardians  who  will  warn  approaching  vehicles  or  to   built
temporary shelter.

2)    As much as possible keep the victim laid down until  an
     exam has revealed its case.

DON'T change without good reason the position that the victim has
taken.

3)    If  the  victim vomits put him in half prone position in
     order to help liberate its breathing passages.

4)   Reassure the victim.
5)   If unconscious chptr 6*.

SEMI PRONE POSITION: 

1)   Cover the victim to keep its body heat  protect from cold or
     rain etc.

2)    In  case of violent accidents (cars) think of possible
     internal injuries.

3)   To determine injuries. 

4)   Determine the most appropriate method to move the victim
     if necessary.

5)   Call an ambulance for transport.

EXAMINE THE VICTIM:

Quickly & systematically:

PRIORITIES:

1)   Does the victim Breath? 

A)   Check if bleeding signs.

B)   To what point is the victim conscious.

THESE STATES REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ATTENTION:

2)   Proceed to a good exam but don't take off clothes unduly.

A)  If you MUST take clothes off, start with the unwounded side.

B)   If you MUST cut them off do it along the seam.

C)    While  examining  check for medical card  or  other  signs.
Badges  revealing  vital  information  of  the  victim.  (Warning
bracelets etc.).

3)   Examine with attention to find the presence of other wounds.

A)   If victim is conscious ask him if he suffers & where.

B) If it is at the head see if the ears or nose bleed or runs.

C)   Note the size of eye pupil.

D)   If it's at the neck or back; pass firmly your hand up & down
along  the  vertebral  column.  Without  moving  the  victim. A
sensitive spot may indicate a fracture.

E)   A painful respiration or cough can indicate  wound's chest.

F)  If the victim has lost consciousness proceed as above exam.

G)   Ask spectators around to know exactly what as happened.

H)   Feel the head for any lumps or swellings.

SHOCKS:

Shocks  state  results  from  the  weakening  activities  of  the
principals organism's functions. This power break down is due  to
a diminished blood flow circulation.

Shocks  can  be  a  result of wounds, a violent  pain,  a  sudden
sickness, a bad news or experience.

The  gravity  of  a  shock depends of many factors  such  as  the
importance of the wounds the age or general health of the victim.

SUMMARY:

To save life by  Immediate attention to:

Haemorrhage/ Respiratory Troubles/ poisoning/  Unconsciousness.

DRESSING:

Wound  dressings can be made of many types of tissues avoid wool.
It  MUST be clean, thick enough to absorb blood etc. & MUST cover
entirely the wound.

Emergency dressing can be a Tampax & Stay-Free type they are made
to absorb blood & are in clean germ free wrapping.

All  you have to do; is to lay it on them over the wound then use
some  kinds  of tapes or bandages to secure them  on  &  apply  a
little pressure on the wound.

Wadding or cotton wool can be used to pad splints to absorb blood
or suppuration or to clean around wound.

But  NEVER  to put directly on the wound, it would stick  &  make
cleaning more painful. They can be put between 2 layers  of  thin
cloth.

Sterile  compress can be found in drug stores or made sterile  by
the use of a strong heat.

Whenever you use sterile compress NEVER put your fingers  on  it.
Germs are on your hands, so be careful.

Triangular bandage is usually made of yellow cotton & is washable
so  it  can  be reused. You can improvise one using  pillow  case
shirt etc.

3 types: Open, large, narrow.

KNOTS: (Flat)

The most useful one is the Flat knot it doesn't slip & is easy to
undo.  Take both ends have your left hand go over the  right  one
then the right one over the left. Knots **

SPLINTS:

They  are  used to immobilize a wounded limb while transportation
of broken bones badly wounded flesh.

You  can use many types even rolled newspaper yet the splint MUST
be as flat as possible light & easy to move around.

A set of splint should be in your house car etc. They can be made
of light wood or cardboard as found in drugstores.

They  MUST  be  long  & wide enough & strong  to  immobilize  the
articulation below & above the wound.

Well  padded with the help of any tissues to wed the body  shape.
Well  attached to both ends or wherever needed. Here is a  sample
of size ALWAYS in pairs.

SPLINTS SIZE:

3/8"  x3  1/2" x 15" (18"& 22" & 33" & 45" & 54") Using  those  6
different lengths will cover most crisis.

BREATHING STOPS & SURVIVAL CHANCES CHART:

1 min.    98% survive
5 min     25% survive
10 min.   1%  survive

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE UPON ARRIVAL:

Take  away  the cause or move away the victim from the  cause  if
need be yet only if you really have to before F/aid.

Open  and  keep free the air passage by driving back the victim's
head as far as possible.

START ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IMMEDIATELY:

If air passage is blocked: Check for strange objects in the mouth
&  throat & remove them if possible, if not; then turn the victim
on  its  side.  Usually it will permit air  to  pass  around  the
object.

Have  someone  call the ambulance loosen up tight clothes  around
waist & neck if need be. Help maintain free air passage.

Keep  on  doing artificial respiration till it is back to normal;
or that a doctor has come.

The  victim MUST stay laid down even when respiration is back  to
normal.  In  a semi-prone position preferably. Keep checking  the
victim who can cease to breath again.

Transport  the  victim to a shelter or hospital  in  a  lay  down
position  Only. The  victim MUST NOT get up nor walk.  We  assume
here that it happens in "normal" situation.

MOUTH TO MOUTH RESPIRATION & MOUTH TO NOSE: (Babies etc.):

This method can be used to all type respiratory stoppage.

Either:  Drowning,  strangling  suffocation,  excess  of   drugs,
electrocution, heart attack, poisoning by gas, smoke inhalation.

REMEMBER to remove either the cause or the victim quickly. Sooner
you  start the best are your chances. Start anywhere on the beach
car bed street boat standing in water etc.

1)    Free the respiratory channels. Lift the neck with  one
     hand with the other hand: Pull the head toward the back.

2)    Pinch  the  nostril to close them keep the respiratory
     channels free while maintaining the neck uplifted.

3)   Cover entirely the victim's mouth blow into  it check to see
     if the chest rise showing that air is going in.

If not; there is most likely something that blocks the air flow.

4)   Remove your mouth. Loosen the nostrils. Check if air is
     coming out of the lungs & if  chest is collapsing.

5)    Repeat last 3 phases 12 to 15 times/minute. Keep it  up
     till breathing back to normal or doctor comes.

6)   When breathing comes back, MAKE SURE it maintains itself.
     Keep the victim laid down in semi-prone position.

FOR CHILDREN & BABIES:

You  MUST entirely cover the mouth & nose of the child with  your
own mouth.

Blow  every  3  second (20 times /min) yet with less  pressure  &
volume  then adults. Small air blow is all that is needed  for  a
child.

Practice it with your wife or hubby it might be fun but  also  it
will teach you best in case of crisis.

For  a child you can also try first: To hold him temporarily with
its  head upside down, holding it by the ankles or over your  arm
with its head down while giving him 2 or 3 good slap between  its
shoulder blades.

BREATHING PASSAGES MUST BE FREE AT ALL TIMES! If they are blocked
you will note:

1)   No air is coming out.
2)   Thorax is not rising nor collapsing.
3)   That your air blow is meeting resistance.

Consequently  you MUST verify the neck & head position  and  also
the presence of foreign objects in mouth or throat.

HOW TO FREE RESPIRATORY CHANNEL:

METHOD OF THE HEAD THROWN AT BACK:

Put  IMMEDIATELY the victim on its back, neck stretched and  head
lifted up.

In  order to maintain him in this position place a poncho  rolled
blanket, a pillow etc. Under the victim's shoulder.

But  don't  waste time looking for those objects, TIME IS  VITAL.
This method is useful in many cases.

UP-LIFTED JAW METHOD: When the other don't work.

Bring the jaw as far back as possible. This position removes  the
tongue  base  from the bottom of the throat thus easing  the  air
flow to its chest and lungs.

In  order to help you do this you can use your thumb or use  both
hands.

Jaw  up lifted with the thumb is the best method to free the  jaw
unless the victim's condition does not permit it.

Place your thumb in the victim's mouth to take a grip of its  jaw
& pull toward the back. Don't try to retain the tongue.

JAW UP LIFTED WITH BOTH HANDS: 

When  the  jaws  are  squeezed tightly  together  &  that  it  is
impossible to put your thumb into its mouth then grab with your 2
hands the lower jaw (just under the ear-lobe) to firmly bring  it
toward the back.

Then  in the same movement open the mouth`s victim bringing  with
the help of your thumbs the inferior lip toward the shin.

If  after  having  tried  those 2  methods  to  try  freeing  the
respiratory passage the victim doesn't breath properly; 

     YOU  MUST IMMEDIATELY START THE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION.

If  you are in doubt whereas the patient is breathing or not then
act  as  if was not breathing. It cannot in no way bring harm  to
someone who is already breathing.

Usually when someone breathes we can feel & see movements of  his
chest or perceive or hear his expirations by placing his hand  or
ear near by his mouth. If the heart of the patient is not beating
do a heart massage.

When  2 persons can be used one does the heart massage while  the
other  one does the artificial respiration. If alone you have  to
do both as we'll see later on.**

MOUTH TO MOUTH RESPIRATION: 

1)   Victim MUST be on its back, put yourself aside its head.

Slide your hand under his neck so that you can maintain his  face
in  a  vertical  position & to keep it inclined as  far  back  as
possible.

2)    Use  the  thumb  & index of your other hand  to  pinch  the
nostrils  of  the  victim  while exercising  a  pressure  on  his
forehead in such a way as to keep his head at the back.  To  keep
the nose blocked you can press your cheek on his nostrils.

3)   Breath deeply & adjust tightly your mouth to his. If it is a
baby, cover up his mouth & nose by sealing your lips against  the
skin of his face.

4)   Blow strongly in the mouth of the victim so that the chest
     rises.

FOR A CHILD DO IT IN SMALL BLOW. If the chest rises it means that
sufficient air is getting in the lungs.

If  the chest does not rise correct the situation IMMEDIATELY  by
adjusting his jaw and blow even stronger.

While doing this MAKE SURE: That air cannot escape by the side of
your mouth or the victim's nose.

If  the chest is still not rising; turn the head on the side free
his respiratory passage by:

Opening his mouth and introducing your fingers down to the tongue
base as deep inside his throat as you can, removing in a sweeping
movement  all  vomit or any foreign objects unless  those  firmly
stocked in it.

If it still remains blocked roll the victim on its side then with
the hand-palm strike him strongly between the shoulder blades  to
remove  whatever  his  blocking  the  passage.  Then  start   the
artificial respiration procedure once more.

5)    When  the victim's chest is rising remove your  mouth  from
his, then listen close to the noise that the air is making coming
out  of  his chest. If the breathing exhalation is noisy lift  up
higher the jaw of the patient.

6)    After  each exhalation squeeze the nose & reblow his  lungs
while  MAKING  SURE  visually  that  the  chest  is  expanding  &
contracting.

          YOUR FIRST 4 BLOWS MUST BE TOTAL & QUICK.

(Except for a kid which requires  small  ones.) So that you avoid
the  lungs  to  deflate completely.

7)    Do  this every 5 sec till the victim is  conscious. If  the
victim does not give signs of life do it for 45 minutes at least!

When  you blow deeply quickly & for a long time you may get dizzy
even faint so you MUST after the first 4 quick blows get back  to
a  normal  speed. That way you will be able to do it for  a  long
time.

MOUTH TO NOSE:

It is done the same as for the mouth. It is used when there is  a
mouth  fracture or bad wound to the patient or if the jaw is  too
tight due to spasms.

PRESSURE ON THE CHEST WITH UP LIFTING OF THE ARMS:

This  method  is used when the face is too badly  injured  to  do
otherwise. It is not as good as mouth to mouth however!

1)    Free the respiratory passage of the victim. Lay him on  his
back  his face in vertical position & place a blanket etc.  Under
the shoulders so that his head is pushed backward.

1b)   Put  yourself at the height of his head facing the victim's
feet. Put a knee down on the ground the other flat near his  head
& neck and shoulder.

In  order  not to get tired you can alternate your position  from
time to time.

2)   Grab the patient's hands & hold them on his lower ribs while
projecting  yourself  forward in order  to  create  a  regular  &
uniform & regular pressure until you feel a firm resistance. That
way you push the air outside of the lungs.

3)    Lift  up  his arms straight up vertically then  bring  them
backward  to  the ground as far as possible. This  increases  the
lung volume & brings air to the lungs.

4)    Replace  your hand on his chest & start all over  the  same
movements: press lift stretch & bring back at the rate of  10  to
12 cycles per minute in a regular & uniform way.

The  first 3 movements (press lift & stretch) MUST be done in the
same  rhythm  BUT: the 4th: (bring back your arms on  his  chest)
MUST be done as quickly as possible.

5)    When  the patient seems to breath help him by regulating
your efforts to help him.

Keep   up   the  artificial  respiration  till  he  is  back   to
consciousness or that you are replace by a doctor. Or  during  at
least 45 minutes if he does not show signs of life.

6)   HOW TO GET REPLACE WHEN YOU GET TOO TIRED:

Keep the rhythm move to the side and let him start by taking  the
wrist when you are bringing them on the ground. 

HEART MASSAGE: 

When  a  person's  heart  ceases to beat,  you  MUST  MASSAGE  IT
DIRECTLY ON THE CHEST.

TIME  IS  VITAL.  Heart failure stops also the breathing  process
unless that one came first. Stay calm.

When  the heart stops there is no pulsation the victim is limp  &
THE PUPILS OF THE EYES ARE WIDE OPEN.

TO CHECK IF PULSATION OR NOT:

Place  the  tip  of your fingers on the victim's neck  along  the
windpipe.

If  you do not feel  any pulse do not waste time looking for  it.
START  IMMEDIATELY the heart massages along with  the  artificial
respiration.

The  same initiative is to be done with a weak pulse or irregular
that  is  usually  a sign before a heart failure.  The  heart  is
located between the sternum & the spinal cord.

The  pressure  done on the sternum pushes the heart  against  the
spinal  cord to push off the blood & forces it into the  arteries
while  relaxing the pressure permits the heart to fill itself  of
blood.

When you MUST do a heart massage we MUST ALWAYS do the artificial
respiration at the same time.

So  it  is  preferable to be 2 to do the task while one does  the
heart massage the other does the artificial respiration.

If you MUST do both operations, do this:

1)    You MUST ALWAYS lay the patient on its back, to massage his
heart to allow the blood to flow to reach his brain. A  solid
surface is needed so use the floor because a bed or sofa is too
soft.

In order to help the return of the blood toward the heart lift up
the feet 6" while keeping the body horizontally.

2)   Place yourself on one side near the body then place the palm
of  your hand on the inferior part of the sternum but NOT in  the
soft  tissues of the abdomen which are at the sternum's  base  or
thorax cage.

3)   Stretch and lift your fingers in such a way as    to make  a
     pressure on the sternum without oppressing the ribs.

Put your other hand over the first one except if it's a child. If
it's a child use only the tips of your fingers of one hand.

BASIC PROCEDURE:

Your hands being in the right position, bring back your shoulders
directly over the sternum of the person.

Keep your arms straight & press downward with enough strength  to
lower the sternum about 1 1/2 to 2" maximum.

Too  strong a pressure could result in breaking the ribs. So when
it is a baby or child use only your finger tips.

Relax the pressure immediately all the while keeping the palm  of
your  hand  on  the  sternum, which will  take  back  its  normal
position between each compression.

METHOD WHILE USING 2 RESCUERS:*

One  does the artificial respiration, the other the massage. This
massage MUST be done to the rhythm of 1 compression per sec.  (60
per  min.) This rhythm is possible because he doesn't have to  do
the artificial respiration.

These compressions MUST be without cease, uninterrupted, softly &
regularly.

In order to keep the rhythm of 60 per min. The rescuer MUST count
at  high  voice  (no yell): one-1000, one-2,000, one-3,000,  one-
4,000, one-5,000.

Each  time you say the word "one" you MUST compress the heart.  &
when you say the word "1,000" you relax the compression.

You  restart  the same cycle all over from:one-1000 to  one-5,000
without fail during all the heart massage procedure.

Simultaneously,  the other rescuer in charge  of  the  artificial
respiration,  blows  quickly into the  patient's  mouth  every  5
compressions. (Proportion 5 to 1).

When  his  helper says 5,000. It will be his moment to blow  into
the mouth of the patient.

                    WARNING UTMOST IMPORTANT:

WE  MUST  NEVER STOP THE COMPRESSION MOVEMENT OF THE HEART  WHILE
THE OTHER IS DOING THE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION PROCEDURE.

IT'S AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT POINT OTHERWISE IT WOULD RESULT IN  A
COMPLETE FALL OF THE ARTERIAL PRESSURE THUS DEATH.

2  rescuers  do a better job if they place themselves  separately
each on his own side of the patient.

It is then easier to replace one another when they get too tired,
& without interrupting sensibly the rhythm of 5 to 1.

THIS CHANGE IS DONE SO:

The  one  in charge or artificial respiration (A/R) (pressure  on
the  chest with lifting up the arms) takes place on the  side  of
the person, IMMEDIATELY after having inflated the lungs.

Then  he  brings back his hands over the hands of his  companion,
who keeps on massaging the heart.

The  change  of hands will be done on the count of :one-2,000  or
one-3,000 in the compression procedure.

It  is  at  that  time  that  they both  switch  jobs.  The  next
inspiration MUST be done on the count of : one-5,000.

PROCEEDING MEASURES WITH 1 RESCUER:

If  only 1 man, he MUST alternate both jobs, at the rhythm of  15
/2 (15 heart compressions to 2 quick & complete lungs inflation.)

In order to compensate for the time he uses for A/R he MUST being
alone use a rhythm of 80 compressions/ minute.

In order to do so: Count at high voice: One & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 / 1 &
2 & 3 & 4 & 10 / One & 2 & 3 & 4 & 15.

When you say "15" you MUST give 2 quick & deep blows (within 5 to
6 sec.)

(WITHOUT PERMITTING A COMPLETE EXHALATION BETWEEN EACH
INHALATION)  ARTERIAL)

Then you start over the process of counting all along while doing
the massage.

It  is  a  MUST to persist in doing both methods even if you  get
tired  or  dizzy,  until help comes along,  trough  a  doctor  or
professional  help for at least for 45 min. even if  the  patient
doesn't give signs of life. *p.32 my s/book.**

HEIMLICH HUG METHOD: (Hug me Baby!)

     CAN BE ALSO BE USED FOR DROWNING TO RID LUNGS OF WATER.

A  person whose throat is jammed by food can't breath, nor talk &
can become livid & collapse.

In  such  case he has but 4 MINUTES TO LIVE UNLESS SAVED  BY  THE
HEIMLICH HUG METHOD.

When the patient is standing or sitting.

1)   Stand behind him and grab him around with your arms.

2)    Place  your fist against his stomach (abdomen) JUST  a  bit
higher  then his navel, & under thorax cage, then with the  other
hand grab firmly your fist.

3)   In a sudden gesture, strongly & in an upward fashion push in
your  fist  in the stomach's victim. A strong air blow will  then
expel the food out of his respiratory passage (throat).

4)   Start over many times if need be.

WHEN THE PERSON LAYS ON HIS BACK ON THE FLOOR: 

1)    Kneel down over the person, your knees on each  side  of
     his hips.

2) Superpose your 2 hands over his stomach, just above his navel.

3)    In a strong & upward & quick movement,  push with the  palm
     of your hand on the abdomen's victim.

4)   Start over many times if needed.

5)   If a person is down facing the floor, turn   him over.

HAEMORRHAGE:

A: ARTERIAL
B: FROM THE VEIN. Both different.

UNLESS TREATED QUICKLY, THE VICTIM WILL DIE QUICKLY.

2 TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGE: INTERNAL & EXTERNAL.

The  external one is highly visible. The internal one  is  either
VISIBLE:

Blood comes out by natural opening, either nose, mouth, rectum or
coming either from the lungs, stomach or intestine.

Or it is INVISIBLE:

Flowing  inward in natural body cavity such as the brain,  thorax
or abdomen.

ARTERIAL:

The  blood  comes out nice clean red, it comes out in spurt  like
water fountain, every time the heart pulses.

FROM VEIN:

Blood  is  not as clear & clean, it comes out like a water  leak,
because the heart pulse is not received.*

Unfortunately  there is little you can do for the  internal  one;
unless  you  are a doctor or near a hospital, & to move  fast  to
bring the patient to it. So we will see what to do for external.

EXTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)   You MUST stop the haemorrhage  quickly  & with efficiency. 
2)   Prevent infection.

GENERAL RULES CONCERNING EXTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)    Exert a direct pressure on the wound using a cloth  as
clean as possible. (To avoid infection)

2)    Maintain  this pressure, if necessary with  a   compressive
     dressing, which liberates your hand to do other wounds?

3)    If  bleeding persist: DON'T remove the first  dressing  nor
bandage, but add another one with a tighter bandage. (Not too
tight!)

4)   One  can reinforce the pressure by pressing your palm  on
     the dressing.

5)    Keep  the  patient calm, laid down if possible,  &  the
     wounded limb at rest as  much as possible.

6)   You can up lift the wounded limb, but only if practical.

7)    Moisten  the lips of the patient if he is thirsty.

INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE SYMPTOMS:

HIDDEN:    Think of this possibility according with the  accident
details & with the presence of symptoms such as:

1)    Victim comes suddenly very pale, is dizzy    & can  quickly
     lose consciousness.

Or  paleness  spread slowly & is followed by dizziness,  sighs  &
yawns. Breathing can afterward become quick & difficult.

2) Intense thirst & lack of air followed by agitation  & anguish.

 3)  Gradual lost of consciousness.

VISIBLE: On top of the above symptoms, blood can  flow by natural
opening.

FIRST AID IN CASE OF INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)   Transport the victim quickly to nearest hospital. Fix a
note to the victim's cloths   telling the possibility of internal
Haemorrhage.

2)   Keep the patient in semi-prone position.
3)   Cover him lightly with a blanket etc.

4)   Reassure the victim.
5)   Verify all evolution of symptoms such as difficulties to
     breath, choking, vomits.

NOSE:

1)   Keep victim sitting or half-prone position.
2)   Press firmly on the bleeding nose side for   10 minutes.

3)   Loosen necktie if needed.
4)   You can apply cold compress on the nose.

5)   Tell  the patient not to blow his nose which  would  remove
     the blood cloth, not to  swallow his saliva but to spit.

EAR:

Bleeding can indicate a fracture at the base of skull.

1)    Don't  block the ear, but cover it with a dressing  dry
     and lightly bandaged.

2)   Bring  the  victim to hospital, laid  down & the  head
     inclined on the bleeding side.

SKULL INJURIES: These wounds often bleed abundantly.

1)   Give only a light pressure bandage, sufficient to  stop the
     bleeding.

An  excessive pressure could aggravate the trauma to the brain if
any or to the head.

2)   Don't clean the wound.

VARICOSE VEIN RUPTURE:

Bleeding can be sudden & plentiful yet easy to stop.

1) Have the patient laid down immediately, take off all garters.

2)   Lift up the leg as much as possible.
3)   Put a dressing on the wound & strongly bandage.

HAND/ PALM: 

1)    If  the  wound  doesn't have any foreign object,  put  a
compress  rolled  on  the  palm,  & bend  the  fingers  upon  the
compress.

2)   Bandage the hand to maintain the hand closed.

NECK & THROAT:

The  possible danger here comes from the possible rupture of  the
main artery (carotid) or the jugular vein or both.

IT  IS  ESSENTIAL  TO  ACT FAST FOR THE BLOOD  FLOW  IS  QUICK  &
PLENTIFUL. DEATH CAN COME IN A FEW MINUTES.

1)    Immediately  apply  a pressure  on  the  broken vein.  A
compress of any sort (clean) will  help maintain the compression.

2)   Maintain the compression till the patient gets  surgical
     help. DON'T use a circular dressing compress.

EYE, EAR, CHEEK, FOREHEAD:

Place  the centre of a bandage over the dressing, cross the  ends
at  the  back  of  the head & make a knot over  the  dressing  if
possible.

GROIN:

The great femoral artery can be in danger.

1)   Apply a direct pressure.
2)   Bend  the victim's knee on his chest. A  rolled compress  &
     placed on the groin can  increase the compression.

GENERAL INFORMATION:

1)   It is ESSENTIAL to know that small wounds will stop bleeding
by themselves, without treatments. Nature sees to it.

2)    Bleeding  will  ALWAYS  be mastered  if  a  compression  is
sufficiently  applied on the wound. We insist on direct  pressure
to save time when there is bleeding.

3)   Blood coagulates itself or forms a blood cloth in 3 to 7
minutes  usually. Direct pressure speeds  up the  coagulation
process.

ONCE BLOOD CLOTH HAS TAKEN PLACE, NEVER REMOVE IT.

4)    Blood  vessels retract & contract when they are  injured
     thus reducing their size, which helps coagulation.

5)    Prevent  infection is a goal of first-aid. So  as  much  as
possible, cover a wound with a clean or sterile dressing. Yet  in
some cases a bare hand on an open wound is necessary in order  to
save life.

HEART ATTACK SYMPTOMS:

Sudden & sharp pain to the chest, coming down to the neck or  the
arms or no pain. A choking sensation, anguish & imminent death.

Lips can become shade of blue & skin gets a purple tint. Or:  The
face   can  become  pale.  Victim  can  be  conscious  or  looses
consciousness.

FIRST-AID TO HELP THE RESPIRATION:

1)    Place  the victim in the most comfortable position, on its
     back if possible, with head sideways.

2)   Loosen all tight clothes. (Necktie, belt)
3)   Medical help is ESSENTIAL Send patient to hospital.

4)    Help the patient to take his medicaments (pills) if  he
     has specific one for his condition or case, to take.

5)    If the victim doesn't breath or with difficulties, or if
     the heart stops, start A/R & Heart Massage.

APOPLEXY'S; CEREBRAL CONGESTION:

Results from rupturing blood vessels or blood cloth in brain.

SYMPTOMS:

1)   Consciousness or unconsciousness.
2)   Breathing is loud, snoring type.
3)   Face is usually congested.

4)   Eye pupils usually unequal size.
5)   Victim can have difficulty to speak.
6)   It can have a possible weakness, or a paralysed body limb/
     part.

7)   A  lesser attack can result in a very big headache, an ashen
     face   or   skin  colour  rather  then  congested  (red)   &
     progressive paralysis.

FIRST-AID:

1) If  victim is unconscious, apply the general rules (A/R &
     H/M).

2)    Rise  the shoulders & head of the victim to   diminish  the
     congestion, if victim is conscious & breaths easily.

3)   Encourage the victim to keep calm.

4)   DON'T GIVE ANY LIQUID.

HEAD WOUNDS & CUTS: THEY BLEED A LOT.

CEREBRAL COMMOTION:

A  shock on the brain that can cause headache confusion, lost  of
memory  or fainting. The commotion degree depends of the violence
of the shock direct or indirectly done.

BRUISE:

Blood flowing inside the skin often causes a lump, skull fracture
is also possible.

FRACTURE:

A)   Skull can be caved in under the Cut or  Bruise.

B)   A fracture can extend in the nose or ear, causing a great
     danger for infection in the brain. (Meningitis)

FIRST-AID:      Keep free respiratory channels avoid suffocating.
     Assuring constant surveillance of the patient.

GENERAL RULES:

1) In case of haemorrhage, or difficult breathing  do as needed.

2)   If  victim unconscious or hardly conscious, place him  in
     semi-prone position.

Head  wounds  are usually with spinal cord wound. You  MUST  then
keep the head, neck & back well in line.

3) In case of unconsciousness do the general rules.*

COMPLICATIONS TO HEAD WOUNDS:

Often  persons having suffered from a head injury who  made  them
dizzy or even faint, will promptly recover & insist to go on.

It is impossible to immediately discover after a head injury if a
blood  cloth  has formed itself inside the skull cap between  the
brain & the skull.

This  blood  cloth  can exercise pressure on the  brain  &  cause
death,  if not removed. An artery who bleeds will cause  symptoms
to appear in a few hours but a broken vein will bleed more slowly
& the symptoms can only appear after a few days on the accident.

If  only but a few victims of head injuries develop a blood cloth
inside  the brain or skull, those who suffer from it can die  the
next night in jail or in a hotel room, even in their own bed.

Head  injury victim MUST be kept under constant surveillance  for
24 hours. Even if the victim refuses.

It  is  ESSENTIAL  that  a  responsible  person  keep  him  under
surveillance and observation for this period.

A  confusion  and state of unconsciousness deeper  &  deeper  are
EMERGENCY  SYMPTOMS  &  the victim MUST be  brought  to  hospital
IMMEDIATELY.

SPINAL CORD INJURIES:

The spinal cord is a sheath for the marrow & the nerves who start
from  it.  It is made of a great number of bones called vertebra,
between  each  vertebra there are strong disks who act  as  shock
absorbers while runs, walks etc.

If  the  marrow is cut or torn one NEVER recovers from it,  cause
the  marrow transmit the  sensibility messages & muscles movement
directions.

A  fracture or blow to 1 or many vertebrae can compress or damage
the marrow.

Sudden harsh moves while transport especially if the body is bent
forward,  can cut the spinal cord left undamaged by the accident.
So: We MUST prevent any subsequent damages to the marrow.

GENERAL RULES:

1)   Warn the victim not to move.
2)   Minister all first aid which might be URGENT.

3)    The  person who complains of pains at the neck or back,  of
weakness, paralysis, lack of sensitivity to arms or legs MUST  be
treated & transported with all precautions that are required by a
fracture or luxation of spinal cord.

WOUNDS & INFECTIONS / TYPES OF WOUNDS:*

SUPERFICIAL:

Scratches, Burns by Cold.

PERFORATION:

By knife, nail or bullet, arrow, spear.

CRUSHING:

Wounds in depth with little exterior signs showing.

INCISION:

Clean tear caused by sharp surface or glass or blade.

LACERATION:

Slashed or chewed wound by barbed wire or explosion.

COMPLICATED:

When it covers a hidden lesion.

SCARS:

Are results of cuts, they will be lessen if the lips of the wound
are  put close to one another, if the wounded part is put to rest
& if the wound is clean of infection and foreign objects.

GENERAL RULES VIA WOUNDS: *

1)   Lay the patient down, make him rest to slow  the pulse speed
     & reduce the arterial pressure.

2)    Rise  the wounded part (when possible) higher then  heart
level to reduce the blood flow, thus permitting fast blood cloth.

3)   If possible the rescuer MUST washes his hands.

4)    The skin around the wound can be washed with water and
soap  starting  from  the  wound toward exterior. If  sufficient
sterilize water then wash also the wound.

5)    While  doing  the first-aid, you MUST NOT cough  nor
     sneeze directly over the wound to  avoid infection.
6)    Rescuer  MUST  NOT touch the wound with his fingers  nor
     touch the dressing surface covering the wound.

7)   Antiseptics is useless in first aid & can damage tissues

8)   Dressing MUST cover largely the wound itself.

9)   You  MUST apply a direct & firm pressure on the  wound
     with a clean dressing.

If  blood still flows add another one on top of the first,  don't
remove the first one.

10)  Fix  solidly  the dressing. It MUST NOT  slip, nor  block
     circulation.

11)  If you can, without getting your fingers in  the wound, then
remove delicately the foreign  objects  sticking  out. Use
tweezers if you can and it is needed.

12)  The rescuer MUST NOT remove objects strongly attached to
the body wound, ex: knife, arrow, ski pole etc.

Otherwise the wound would reopen, other tissues could be damaged,
haemorrhage   could  aggravate.  Those  patients   need   special
transport & treatment.

13)  The rescuer MUST REMEMBER that first aid MUST NOT  delay    
     medical help.

INFECTION IS ALWAYS VERY SERIOUS, EVEN DEADLY:

In  all  cases REMEMBER the possibility of "Tetanus" that  is  an
infection resulting from diverse type of wounds. Wounds  MUST  be
clean without delay & treated by a doctor.

14)  Rescuer MUST organise the transportation of the patient.

FIRST AID FOR SPECIFIC WOUNDS:

ABDOMINAL WOUNDS TRANSVERSAL:
 (From side to side)

Put  the  victim  on its back, raise up the shoulders,  bend  his
knees toward his chest. It helps closing wound's lips.

LONGITUDINAL: (Up to Down)

Keep  the  patient  down flat as to keep the  wound's  lips  well
together.

DISEMBOWELLED:

(Ripped Up) (Intestine coming out)

1)   Don't put it back in place. (Surgeon's job)
2)   Cover with clean clothes, warm & damp.

3)   If  it's possible, dampen the dressing with a salted
     solution 1 tsp. per 2 cups of warm water.

4)   Give nothing to drink yet you can moisten the mouth.

INFECTED WOUND:

The  wound is red, puffed up, painful & shoot waves of pains. The
victim feels sick, feverish. It needs URGENT medical help. If you
cannot get this aid then:

1) Immobilise the wounded part, to give as much rest as possible.

2)    Have  the patient stay in bed, for any physical activity
     helps the infection to spread.

3)   If practical have the sick part elevated.

4)    You  can  apply during 1/2 hour every 2 hour.  Hot  &  damp
compress.  Those compress are soaked in a solution of 1  tbs.  of
salt in a pint of water. Don't burn the patient by using too  hot
water

APPENDIX:

Often occurs suddenly & can be deadly. Beware! In case of
indigestion troubles, vomits, constipation Diarrhoea, you MUST
worry of a little fever, and of sudden  sharp pain  to the right
of the stomach, between the navel and the  hip bone.

You  MUST  get him to the doctor or operate if needed be.  While
waiting for the doctor, you MUST put ice.

NEVER  HOT! NEVER any purgative such as bicarbonate. No food  and
no drink.

EPILEPSY:

Suddenly  the patient gets in a fit, yells, does weird  gestures,
foam can even come out of his mouth, fall on the floor.

Help  him by getting people away, as well as any objects that  he
might  hurt himself with, stop anyone to give to drink, to  throw
him water, or to try to immobilise him, or to put anything in his
mouth.

Let him be, don't touch him, it will not last long nor will it be
harmful to him unless sharp objects are too close by.

Once  the  seizure has stop, comfort him, & bring him back  home.
There are some pills that he may have to help him along.

INDIGESTION:

If  you  feel you have not digested, use bicarbonate or put  your
fingers in your mouth to induce vomits. It will bring you back to
normal & next time: Don't eat as a "pig"!

BANDAGES: (SPECIAL)**

Use  SARAN WRAP: Very light, water proof, stays tight,  no  slip,
expandable, small to store. Best all around bandages, many usages
even for food and leak proof.

CHEST LUNG PERFORATION & DRESSING = SARAN WRAP:

The  army puts it around the perforation, directly on the skin  &
all  around the body to seal off the air & infection to come  in.
This air tight measure helps the victim & seals the wound.

HOME STERILIZE FAST:

Put  any clothe or dressing & put them in your microwave oven for
3  minutes. Germs are all killed. Put directly on the wound, once
cooled, then saran wrap it.

NO MORE COLD FEET EVER:*

Newspaper  in shoes will keep your feet warm because they  absorb
humidity.  Take a newspaper sheet, fold it 3 or 4 times  till  it
slides in easily, tear off the excess in length. Change daily.

HEAT LOSS/ SHIVERING  COLD:

You  loose 1/3 of the heat by the head. So if you cover your head
you'll keep warm. Wear that in mind.

SNAKE BITE:    PREVENTION:

Usually  snakes  go for dark places, as holes in  rocks,  swamps,
wood   under-covers,  wood  piles,  wild  berry-bushes,   swamped
prairies,  saw-dust  piles,  burrows  (animal  holes),  abandoned
houses, shacks or hay-barn.

It is prudent in those regions to wear good shoes, socks and long
sleeves shirts with gloves.

When  you  get up ALWAYS check your shoes by dumping  them  first
before putting them on. Don't check with your hands you might get
bitten.

SNAKES & FACTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ADDER:

We  don't  ALWAYS hear the noise of rattle snake.  Snakes  attack
especially whatever moves.

The  snake attack field is about 2/3 of his length forward &  1/3
in  height.  If  you are in safe place out of his  reach,  it  is
better to back off to even safer place.

Snakes swim very good, their bite is as dangerous on land  or  in
water. Sea snakes are have the worst poison.

SNAKE BITE KIT:

Taking up only slightly more space than one of the larger shotgun
shells  one of the efficient little snake bites kit that  can  be
tucked into a pocket should ALWAYS be on the person in bad  snake
country.

Especially  handy are the Cutter Compak Suction Snake  Bite  Kit.
Each containing:

3  suction  cups a sharp blade antiseptic lymph constrictor  &  a
calmly presented completeness of plainly illustrated directions.

SYMPTOMS:

The  skin  around  the byte gets discoloured, becomes  purple,  a
swelling  appears,  pain  is  almost  immediate  &  increases  in
intensity.

SEARING = WRONG:

Searing  is likewise ineffectual just as imprudent slashing  that
is most definitely unwarranted.

F-AID:

1)    You MUST act immediately. Make the victim to lay-down,
keep him quiet. The wounded parts lower then the rest of the
body as much as possible.

2)    Attach a bandage slightly constringent (a little tight)
such  as  handkerchief a necktie a belt etc. around the wounded
limb at about 2 inches above the byte.

So  as  to  slow down the venous blood flow but not the  arterial
circulation.

We MUST feel the heart pulse under the byte.

You  MUST  RELEASE  this "constringent" bandage  every  1/2  hour
during 30 seconds.

The  constriction  MUST be maintained till you obtain  the  anti-
venom serum.

If  after 3 hours, the victim doesn't show any symptoms, you  can
take off the bandage.

3)   Don't give any liquid.
4)   Practice A/R if need be.

5)   If   possible, kill the snake & keep it for identifications.
6)   Bring the victim to hospital as quick as possible.

INSECTS BYTES AND STINGS:

Mosquitoes, bees, black flies, spiders. The "Latrodecte" or black
widow  spider is the only poisonous spider in Canada.  Its  sting
can   inject  venom  and  transmit  other  germs  bringing  other
diseases.

PREVENTION:

Apply  a  commercial insecticide on the skin wear good clothes  &
shoes. Smear with chewed tobacco works.

FIRST-AID:

1)   Remove the dart if still in the flesh & if you can.

2)   Put ice on bite and in the victim's mouth.

3) Apply  on  bitten  zone a lotion type "calamine" or Ammonia.

4)   As for bee's stings you may try vinegar to kill the heat.

5)   If you think it is a black-widow bite do as  for snakes.

POISON IVY: 

This  plant irritates the skin, from its sap so if you break  any
parts of the plant.

It  will  free the sap which if in contact with the  skin  either
directly or not will give you much to scratch.

This  sap can stick to clothes, shoes, tools, food baskets,  etc.
even  to  the  hands who touch you who were in contact  with  the
plant.

So  if  you have had contact with this plant or know someone  who
has had contacts, better be very careful.

REMEDY:

Botanists know well this plant and ALWAYS have in their bag  some
#bicarbonate de soude# cow-brand* as well as a piece of  "Castile
soap" which  produce an abundant foam  that  neutralises  the
poison effect.

The  first thing to do when you realize it could be a Poison  Ivy
case, by feeling some pricking that turns into burning sensation.

Don't  scratch,  but foam yourself crazy with the "castile  soap"
foam  then finish with #soda a pate#. Alcohol solutions,  &  lead
acetate give very good results.*

You  MUST MAKE SURE not to spread the sap, but only dab to  stoop
up with a cloth or cotton wool in order to take off the liquid.

If  you can use rubber gloves to avoid getting sap on you, Get to
the  doctor as fast as you can, if you have no antidote  such  as
the one above

NEAR THE POISON IVY IS THE ANTIDOTE PLANT. It grows in the same
area within a few feet of one another so check it out.

FAINTING PARTIAL: (Stupor)

The  victim  can  say  words, sounds or incoherent  answers.  Eye
pupils react to light.

COMPLETE: (coma)

Victim  doesn't react even to pain. Eye's pupils don't  react  to
the  light. Fainting can start by stupor then lead to coma to end
by death.

Or it can pass from coma through different phases till a complete
rehabilitation.  Most  of time you can't discover  the  cause  of
fainting, they are too many different types.

This victim is in mortal danger either because of what caused  it
or the exposition to other dangers.

You  MUST verify: If he breath & if the heart is beating and  act
accordingly as see above.*

DIZZY RULES:

All  accident's victim who seems stunned, dizzy, lost or confused
etc. MUST be treated this way:

GENERAL RULES:

1)   Check immediately if the respiratory channels are free. &
Remove all foreign  objects & even artificial teeth.

2)    Maintain the respiratory channels free by laying  down  the
victim on its side (semi-prone way) but help in a way as to  keep
the  head,  neck  & spinal cord in line. (Spinal  cord  could  be
wounded) so be careful.

3)   Relax quickly all too tightly fitted clothes etc. which
     would hinder normal breathing.

4)    In presence of convulsions; prevent the victim to  get
     hurt but without restraining his movements.

5)    Don't give liquids to a person who has  fainted or that  is
     just coming out of fainting

6)   Take necessary measures to bring victim to hospital.

7)    Once first-aid done, try to discover the cause of fainting.
Check  if  any  haemorrhage, breath alteration, poisoning  clues.
Check to what point the victim is unconscious.

If  people around ask them questions like: Did he hurt his  head?
Did he try to rise & walk immediately after the accident? Was  he
under doctor's care? Etc.

8)   Check if victim has any Medical card which might help you.

9)   Using all your senses examine the victim.

SIGNS TO HELP YOU:

A)  Eye pupils: contracted, dilated or unequal size (asymmetric).

B)  Bleeding or fluid coming from ears, nose, mouth or other
     natural holes.

C)   Tongue or lips: bleeding or bitten, different colour.

D)   Colour of skin. (Not the race dummy!)

E)   Abnormal position of the neck or head.
F)   Breath smell:  alcohol, drugs, poison.
G)   Respiration rhythm.

10)   Victims  of head injuries resulting in   fainting  MUST  be
kept under medical care  for 24 hours is ESSENTIAL!

11)  Dead drunk MUST stay under care to avoid any possibility of
any head injuries or  doubts are removed.

12)   Fainting of people in health often occurs in Heat time
or after too long a session standing up.

Sitting  a  person  &  placing his head  between  his  knees  can
sometimes help. He will come back to his senses in a few minutes.
If it persists then apply the general rules.

TRANSPORTATION OF THE VICTIMS:

GOALS:

Prevent  additional  wounds  or complications.  Choose  the  best
method according to circumstances.

Prevent  victim  of  ANY  useless  jolts  during  preparation  or
transport. Shocks can aggravate the patient`s condition.

BEFORE MOVING THE VICTIM:

1)   Take the situation well in hand, be the leader.

2)   Consider the following points when you can transport  the
     victim without danger:

A)   Best method according with the type of  wound.

B)   Material around which can be used, manufactured  or
     improvised.

C)   Help coming from people around which you could use.

D)   Weight of the person
E)   Ways:  Roads, air, water, Weather  condition?

F)   Preparative to receive the victim: home or hospital. Give
     warnings.

TRANSPORT OF A VICTIM WITH PROBABLE SPINAL CORD FRACTURE:

A)   If not necessary to move victim then, DON'T move him. Stay
     with him & send for help, doctor, ambulance.

B)   If  you  MUST move him, & he is conscious proceed  as
     such;

1)   The rescuer in charge choose a minimum of 4 assistants.

2)   He puts on charge an assistant to do the head traction &
     another one the feet traction.

3)   He places the assistants as in photo **

NOTE:  

TRACTION MUST BE MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES DURING HANDLING!

TRANSPORT ON THE STRETCHER:

1)    You need at least 5 persons, one who commands & 2 to  do
     the traction of the feet & head.

2)    The chief chooses 2 or 3 persons who place   the same  knee
     on the ground, & on the  unhurted side of the victim.

3)    The  chief  kneels on the opposite side  & tells  his
assistants  to slide their hands under the body's victim  neck,
chest, hips & ankles.

4)    The  chief  ties himself by a hand-grip with the  centre
     assistant, this MUST be told  ahead.

5)    At the chief signal, the assistants rise the victim  &
put him over their knees, while staying with their knee bent.

6)    The  chief  let's  go with his hands  then  place the
     stretcher under the victim.

7)    Then  the chief ties his hands once again with  his  centre
assistant  &  gives  the  signal  to  lower  the  victim  on  the
stretcher.  Once  the  victim is well tied up  then  release  the
traction, not before.

STRETCHER:

Best  method  if you have one near by, to carry the  victim  when
seriously wounded & conscious or not.

PREPARATION:

When  you  use  a "normal" stretcher, verify if the cross-bar  is
straight & in their right position.

Try  it  yourself to see if it can support your weight. You  MUST
cover  the  canvas  with a carpet or blankets  or  overcoat.  The
victim  MUST be well protected over as well as under  him.  (Heat
loss) etc.

SEMI-PRONE POSITION RECOMMENDED WHEN UNCONSCIOUS:

It  maintains the respiratory channels free. If the victim is  to
be  put  into this position on stretcher. You MUST get help  from
others in case there would be a spinal cord injury and improvised
stretcher.

Other METHODS:

HUMAN CRUTCH:

When  victim  is  Conscious & with a light wound to  an  inferior
limb.

1)   Place yourself on the wounded side. Put your arm around the
     victim's waist & grab his clothes on the intact side.

2)    Place the victim's arm around your neck & from your free
     hand hold his hand tightly.

3)   Tell the victim to lean on you as he would on a crutch.

4)  Start together on the same foot, begin with the wounded side.

SEAT USING 2 or 3 or 4 HANDS:

Can  only be used if there are 2 rescuers, if the distance to  do
is small & the victim is conscious.
2 HANDS SEAT: WAY TO DO SO:

1)    The  2  rescuers bent a knee on each side of   the  victim,
then  each one passes an arm   around the back & grab his clothes
on each   side.

2)    Then  passing  each on their free  arm  under the victim's 
thighs they grab one another by a  "hook  hold"  or "wrist 
hold"*  If the victim   can do it, she  passes  his  arms
around their   neck.

3)   Giving a signal the 2 rescuers get up together.

3 HANDS SEAT: USED WHEN 1 WOUNDED LEG MUST BE UPHELD.

1)   The rescuers bend 1 knee on each victim's side.

2)    If it's the left leg wounded, the rescuer on the left side,
keeps  his  left  hand free. The second rescuer places  his  left
wrist & each one grabs the free wrist of the other.

3)    The victim places his arms around the rescuers' neck then
lift himself a bit, so that the 3 hand seat can slide  under him.

4)    The left rescuer holding the wounded leg with his free
     hand, both lift together with a signal.

4 HANDS SEAT: USED FOR A HEAVY PERSON WHO CAN USE HIS ARMS.

1)   The 2 rescuers bend a knee on each victim side & each one
     grabs his own left wrist.

2)   Each rescuer then grabs the other one free wrist.

3)   Victim place arms around rescuer's neck & lift himself up
     a bit to permit this seat to  slide under him.

4)   Using a signal the rescuers lift together.

TRANSPORT USING A CHAIR:

Used  by  2  rescuers when: Transporting Victim  Conscious  &  in
stairs & narrow passages.

1)    Placing  behind  the  chair, one rescuer  leans   it  while
holding the chair back on his thigh, getting one of his  foot
aback.

2) The second rescuer turning his back to the chair, between
the  victim's legs, leans & spreads the same leg  towards  the
back of the chair.

3) The  second rescuer, his back & elbows straight up  grabs
     the legs of the chair over the victim's legs.*

4)   At a given signal they lift the chair & move out.

TO DRAG A VICTIM:

Used in narrow space where you can't get up.

Or when victim unconscious in a fire & the rescuer and the victim
heads are low to the ground where air is less suffocating.

1)Victim being on his back, tie his wrists. pix*

2) Overlap  the victim, place your head between  his  tied  up
wrist, using your neck, lift up a  bit victim head and shoulders.

3) If an obstacle or stair stops you, reverse your position  &
drag  the  victim while you draw backward & while supporting  the
head & shoulders of the victim.

HANGOVER GONE FOREVER:

If  you take the precaution of drinking 3 glasses of water before
you go to bed you will NEVER suffer from hangover any more.

The  alcohol  absorbs  the water of your body,  thus  you  become
dehydrated  so  by over supplying your body with water  you  will
compensate  this  lost.  (It works  I  tried  it  many  a  time.)
"Hic,hic!"

FRACTURES: 

A  broken bone due to accident less often from overwork  or  bone
disease  itself.  All  fractures  will  cause  a  light  internal
bleeding since the tissues are damaged.

SIMPLE OR CLOSED FRACTURES:

One  where no open wounds show the broken bone point, & no danger
of contamination from outside.

COMPLICATED OR OPEN FRACTURE:

Where  a  wound  shows the place where the bone is  broken.  Then
there  is  a  great danger for infection to the bone  with  grave
consequences. This wound MUST be bandaged.

The  rescuer who suspects a fracture MUST try to get  details  on
the cause from witnesses or the victim if it is possible.

SYMPTOMS:

Swelling,  localised  pain,  unable to  stir  the  wounded  part,
sensibility  to  the  touch of the wounded part.  Deformation  or
abnormal position, wounds.

Grievous  fractures  can at times present very  little  signs  or
symptoms.

A fracture can cause very little pain as long as the victim stays
immobile.

If  you  suspect  a fracture of the foot or leg  don't  make  the
victim walk to MAKE SURE, you could cause aggravation.

We have seen people able to walk with fractured legs while others
could not move yet without any fracture. When in doubt, treat  it
as if there was fracture.

FIRST-AID GOALS: 

1) Prevent  a simple fracture to become worst as a complicated
one  by  a  handling without precaution of the victim or  by  the
pressure of a splint on a broken bone piece or fragment.

2)   Stop or prevent infection of a complicated fracture.

3)   Treat  the  other  causes  of  the  accident  ex: shock,
     haemorrhage.

4)   Prevent that slashed bones cause other  internal injuries.

5)   Move the victim from the scene using the  best method.

GENERAL RULES:

1) During all the operation, the greatest  precautions MUST be
taken to prevent complication and give pain relief.

2)   Immobilise the fracture & the articulations  above and below
the fracture with a splint or with the body or  victim's limbs.

3)   Splint at the place where the victim lies.

4)   ALWAYS splint the fracture in the most  comfortable position
     for the victim.

5)   An appropriate mean of transport will prevent aggravation.

6) Note: Ask the  victim if you can  help & respect his decision.

FREQUENT FRACTURES:

Lower jaw fractures  are  frequents,  the  shin  can appear
dislocated. Usually there is blood in the mouth, & jaw moving  is
painful.

1) Transport the victim in semi-prone position  or sitting  to
     nearest hospital, doctor or dentist.

2)   Verify if respiratory channels are free, &maintain  them
free.  Bandages  are  not necessary, the  victim  will  protect
himself.

RIBS FRACTURES:

A  blow,  a fall, a strong pressure even a sneezing can  cause  a
fracture of one or many ribs.

The  respiration  is  done with pain, more pronounced  with  deep
breathing or coughing.

1) Bandages  are  not necessary because the victim  will  by
itself take the position to breath with lesser pain.

2) Advise the victim to see his doctor.

3) Place  the  victim  on  his  wounded  side,  in  semi-prone
position.  The good lung will then be up-lifted, will  work  with
double strength & the wounded part will be immobilised.

4)  This  position  prevents  all  internal  bleeding to
     penetrate in the lung unaffected.

COMPLICATIONS OF RIB FRACTURES:

Perforation of the lung. A sharp fragment of the broken  rib  can
penetrate  the lung. There can be signs or symptoms  of  internal
haemorrhage and coughing can bring out some blood.

COMPLICATED FRACTURES OF THE RIBS:

Grave  complication because the infection can swarm the  wound  &
spread to all the chest.

FIRST-AID:  Apply a clean bandage &  observe
general rules above.

BREATHING WOUND IN THE CHEST:

It  is  the gravest complication of the complicated fractures.  A
most  frequent wound in war time & in peace time due to  careless
use & handling of firearms.

The fractured  ribs  have  penetrated  in  the  chest  &   each
respiration brings  air  in  and  out.  The  shock state   is
considerable.  The lungs are wounded & often the heart  also.  It
can cause death in a few minutes.

1)   CLOSE THE WOUND BY ANY MEANS.

Using  a piece of plastic, an adhesive dressing, even your  hand.
(Note about Saran Wrap) **

2)   Put the victim on his wounded side in semi-  prone position.

3)   Give him all the possible comfort.
4) Bring  him to nearest hospital on a stretcher & ambulance.

COLLAR BONE:

Frequents & caused by a fall on the hand stretched out or a  fall
on the shoulder end.

Since  the  collar  bone does the tension to  maintain  shoulders
straight, this fracture will lower the shoulder front-ward on the
wounded side.

The  pain is not very strong & the victim can usually support his
forearm on his chest with the help of his other hand.

1)   Use a St. John arm sling on the wounded arm.

2) A  wide  bandage put over the wounded side   elbow,  and
going  around  the  body and  knotted  at  the  front  on  the
opposite side  will immobilise the shoulder.

SHOULDER BLADES: Same F/Aid as Collar-Bone

UPPER ARM OR HUMERUS:*

1) Place the arm in a small arm-sling. This permits the  elbow
to  move  freely and to apply a natural pressure  on  the  broken
bone.

2)   Place a good padding if necessary between the elbow & the
     chest to assure a proper   alignment.

3)   Put a Grand sling on the elbow as indicated  for collar-bone
     fracture. The body is used as a great splint.

FOREARM - HAND - WRIST:  

1)   Apply softly 2 splint well padded  & long enough to  bypass
     the elbow and wrist articulation.

2) Wrap  narrow bandages to insure a good immobilisation,  yet
letting  free  the finger tips to verify the circulation  if  the
thumb is not wounded, keep it off the bandage.

3)   Slide the arm in a Grand arm-sling.

4)   The chest can often be used as a grand  splint.

5)   In emergency, Rolled newspaper or  magazine do an excellent
     job as splints to immobilise a broken arm.

PELVIS OR P'ELVIS:

Frequent fracture due to accidents & jumping. Signs & symptoms:

1)   The victim can't stand up nor walk, nor dance.
2)   Laid  on  his back, he is unable to rise his legs while
     keeping his knees straight.

3) He can  have blood coming from his rectum or in his urine.

FIRST-AID:

1) You MUST move him with  greatest care  to avoid aggravation.

2)   Lay the victim comfortably on his back.

3) Immobilise  the legs by tying his feet  &  ankles  using  a
bandage in shape of "8"  & with a large bandage around his knees.
If  long  splints are available, immobilise the whole  body  from
under the arm pit down to the feet.

4) Bring  to hospital, use ambulance or  stretcher "rigid, hard."

5)   Tell the doctor if presence of blood in urine  or rectum.
6)   Tell the victim not to piss.

HIP (THIGH BONE OR FEMUR): Longest human bone.

Except for elder people, it needs a very strong blow to break it.
An internal haemorrhage usually goes with a broken Femur.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

1)   Limb can't be moved without pain.

2) The leg can have a tendency to roll on the outside, the
     foot turned on the side.

3)   The leg can appear shorter.

FIST-AID:  If  easy to get medical help etc.  proceed simply by:

1)   Lift  up the victim with precaution so as not to  stir
     the broken limb.

2)   Put him on a "rigid" stretcher for transport.

TRACTION: (FRACTURE WITH SPASMS) *

1) If  you can determine the time factor to be in the first  5
minutes of the accident, then you can do the traction as pix*

If the time factor is from 4 to 15 min after the accident ask the
victim  if you can do the traction, tell him why but his decision
is without appeal

If  after  20 min. You MUST NOT do the traction. If the  bone  is
pricking  trough  the  skin, you MUST NOT  in  any  case  do  the
traction.

2) If the victim MUST be transported far or trough rough road:

A)   Stretch the unwounded leg along with the  sick one.

B) Once the injured legs is split, tie it with the good one.

DISLOCATION & SPRAINS & LIGAMENTS RUPTURE:

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

1) Strong  pain  in the articulation at  the  time  of  the
accident.

2)   A limb is deformed in case of sprains.

3)   Swelling which manifest itself quickly.

4)   Pain increase while moving the articulation.

FIRST-AID:

Give  same  care  as  broken  bone because  it  is  difficult  to
differentiate  the  nature of the dislocation.  The  luxation  or
dislocation is displacement of bone's articulation.

SPRAIN:

Strong  elongation  & often rupture of muscles  &  tendons  often
called contracture or athlete cramps.

SYMPTOMS:

Pain, swelling & cramps where the sprain is done.

FIRST-AID:

1)   Put in comfortable place, & apply COLD  compress.

2)   A grave sprain needs medical care.

WOUNDS DUE TO HEAT:

(Burns, sun, chemicals, electrical, radiation)

Goals: Prevent infection, relieve pain, reestablish fluid lost.

Rules to follow for burns caused by heat or electricity:

1) MAKE SURE that the cause of the burn is stopped. POWER OFF!

2) Cover the wound with a sterile dressing. (In case  of
     electrical burn, do it at the start &end contact point.)

3) Don't take off burned clothes unless real hot or still
     burning.

4)   Give fluids to drink if medical aid is  delayed.

5)   DON'T remove blister nor prick them.

6) Don't apply oily, greasy substances or cotton wool on burns.

7)   Apply A/R if needed.
8)   Transport to hospital.

RULES TO FOLLOW FOR CHEMICAL BURNS:

1)   Wash  without  delay with much water  to dilute  &  make
     disappear the chemical product.

2)   Take off the clothes which have this chemical product.

3)   Give F/Aid as for other burns.

4)   If  chemical  product is in powder, remove the  excess
     quickly before washing.

BURNS TO EYES:

BY HEAT: Treat it as skin burns.

BY CHEMICAL:

1)   Wash immediately the eye with a lot of  water.
2)   Apply a loose dressing.
3)   Bring him to doctor quickly.

SUNBURNS:

If  light  burn: Use softening lotion or burn ointment  found  in
most drug store.

SUNBURNS TIP: * PUT IN DESERT FILE**

People from the desert told me: Take a tomato, mash it & apply it
on your sunburn to kill the heat & heal you.

BURN PREVENTION:

1)   Don't smoke in bed, the ashes that fall could  be yours.

2)   MAKE SURE all cigarettes, & matches are"out"

3)   Put off grease, oil or wax fire with chemical  product or
salt or by smothering them. Water makes it worst by spreading it.

4) Extinguish quickly the burning clothes, by using any  means
at  hand,  water,  soft drink, your clothes,  on  the  victim  to
smother the flame, roll him in a blanket or carpet or on floor.

FIRE RESCUE:

1) While tempting to save a person in a building in fire do this:

A) Keep the doors closed. Don't open a door that is hot to the
touch,  if you do you will find it in flame for there is  a  fire
raging on behind. So find another mean to reach the victim.

B)   Cover your mouth & nose with a wet cloth to freshen the
air  that  you  breath.  Stay close to windows  where  air  is
cooler.

C)   Crawl near the floor where air is purer& cooler.

D) In the impossibility to get out, when the only issue  is  a
window, refrain from panic & don't jump, wait for help &  make  a
rope using sheets, then slide down.

If  you  have to jump then you can diminish the height by letting
yourself hung down at the end of your hands before jumping.

E)   Try to persuade the caged persons not to  jump. Organised
     rescue can take time.

Throw  a  rope  to the window or lean a ladder to  it.  Tell  the
victim to tie a rope or blankets to a heavy piece, ex: bed, room,
heater, door knob.

SICKNESS DUE TO HEAT:

INSULATION:

Due to over exposition to sun (beach sun burns)!

HEAT STROKE:

Due to a long period in a very hot place or sun.

SYMPTOMS:

Agitation  going  to  convulsion even to coma.  Nausea  Headache,
vomits, face congestion (red), skin very hot and dry.

1)   Cool the victim as quickly as possible.

2)   Transport him to a cool place & take off his clothes if
     need be.

3) Water down his body with fresh water or put him in cool bath.

4)   With a fan make air to circulate around the  victim.

5)   Don't give any stimulants
6)   Lift head if face is congested.

EXHAUSTION BY HEAT:

Is  result  of  excessive lost of body fluid &  salt,  during  an
exposition to a very humid or hot  temperature. Cramps can appear
in those conditions in the stomach & limb muscle.

SYMPTOMS:

Exhaustion, dizziness, staggering, loss of consciousness, nausea,
vomits  or  both,  skin  cold  &  damp,  excessive  transpiration
especially  of  the  face  and  forehead,  paleness,  victim  can
complain of being COLD.

1)   Transport  the  victim in a cool place, preferably  well
     ventilated as well.

2)   Lay him down, (head down if he is pale.)

3)   Keep him a little warm if he complains of being cold.

4)   Replace the liquid loss by making drink gulps of salted
     water (2 tsp. of salt per quart of water)

5)   Bring him to hospital.

COLD INJURY:

When  working  in  cold, note that you MUST drink  also  just  as
normal  even though you may not feel the need, dehydration occurs
just as much in the cold as in the hot place.

Cold  can cause chilblain up to complete body freezing. Chilblain
is a light frost byte, on small surface.

SYMPTOMS:

Pain  or pricking followed by insensibility. The skin gets whiter
with a waxy appearance.

1)   Outside:  Warm up the frozen part with your  body heat.

2) For the ears, nose, cheeks: Use your hand in or out of glove.

3)   Warm  up the fingers by placing them in pocket or under
     armpit.

4) With  frozen toes or heel: Put yourself in a shelter,  take
off  your  shoes & sock & warm them up with your body heat.  Once
they are unfrozen, put on dry socks then back in your shoes.

5) When the thawing starts, you feel a burning sensation,  the
skin  becomes red, painful & sensitive. Blister can  appear,  but
don't break them.

NOTE ABOUT COLD PREVENTION:

Eskimos & science has taught us that we loose 35 % of the heat by
the  head  uncovered,  so cover up & you'll  feel  a  lot  warmer
quicker. 

FROST BITE: (SEVERE) 

SYMPTOMS:

Skin gets  waxy  white,  flesh  hardens  don't  ply  to  touch.
Articulations are all tense & tighten up.

FIRST-AID:

1)   Bring the victim to nearest shelter.
2)   Warm his limbs with your hands or warm  blankets.
3)   Give him hot drinks to warm him.

4)   Don't  place  hot sources near his body,  having  loss  his
     sensitivity he may get burn.

5)   Don't  bend  or  stretch frozen limbs  till  they are
     unfrozen.

6)   As  soon as unfrozen, encourage the victim to  move  his
     toes & fingers to activate circulation & warmth.

7)   To protect blisters cover them lightly with  dry Dressing

GENERALIZED FROSTBITE:

The  whole body exposed a long time to deep cold can bring death,
if not treated quickly.

SYMPTOMS:

1)   Vision becomes blurry & mirages appear.
2)   Victim feel frozen & exhausted.
3)   Can fall for his desire to sleep, then fall  into coma, then
     death will follow.

FIRST-AID:

1)   Make the victim walk, keep him awake until you have reach
     a shelter.

2)   If you can make him drink hot drinks.

3)   In the shelter roll him up in hot blankets or  keep  him
     in a hot room.

4)   Frozen limbs MUST be treated as above.
5)   If respiration ceases give A/R
6)   URGENT to get medical aid

WARNINGS:

1)   Don't rub frozen parts because rubbing  can wound the skin &
     frozen tissue.

2)   Don't  apply  snow, for snow is colder then  the  frozen
     tissue.

3)   Don't apply any form of direct heat. Except body heat.

4)   Don't  bend  nor  stretch frozen limbs, because  frozen
     tissue will easily tear when  frozen.

5)   Because of danger for infection, don't  break blisters.

PREVENTION:

Factors  predisposing to frostbite are: old  frostbite,  illness,
hunger,  old age, thirst, exhaustion, bad state of health.  Avoid
to wear gloves, socks, boots too tight.

Remove  all  gloves or socks that are damp or wet. Maintain  good
circulation  by moving your hands and toes, stamping  your  feet,
lifting & lowering your arms while slapping your body.

NOTE:

Avoid  cold  feet  by using sole newspaper, or  hay.  It  absorbs
humidity, thus keeps feet warmmm!

FROSTBITE ADDED NOTES:*

Throughout the convalescence, wherever it takes places, give  the
patient the best available food, maximum comfort & total rest.

Healing  may  be  somewhat accelerated by  a  high  protein  diet
supplemented by multi-vitamin capsules.*

As  treatment progress be sure to warn well in advance about  the
dramatic appearance that his injured part is soon to have.

Even  a  well balanced and experienced northerner can  loose  his
moral  fast  unless he is prepared to accept philosophically  the
blisters,  discoloration and grisly necrosis of  his  fingers  or
toes.

Furthermore,  many an inexperienced doctor has been  argued  into
needless  &  tragic  amputation of basically sound  tissue  as  a
result  of  the hysterical pleadings of an unreasonable frostbite
patient.

Surgery  is  now considered as a last resort to be used  only  if
uncontrollable infection is present & then to be done only  in  a
hospital. Even minor surgery is to be avoided both on the field &
in hospital.

Most tissue which you feel should be removed will probably remove
itself much more effectively.

Then  even  the  best surgeon can do it & with a saving  of  more
tissue,  that  may seem at all possible at the time when  surgery
appeared to be necessary & unavoidable.

The  worst looking hands or feet, if treated properly & patiently
will  shed their shrivelled black shells painlessly like a  glove
suddenly &  unexpectedly, revealing a healthy, pink skin
underneath. Patience pays.

GANGRENE FOLK REMEDY: 

As  for gangrene, backwoods medicine Eskimos had this trick; they
would  cover  the wound with earth & clay mixed  with  a  lot  of
worms  who  would suck the "pus" off leaving a clean  pink  flesh
wound. You may have to resort to this method.

I don't know how or if it works, or how they had worms in winter,
but what have you got to loose to try if in desperate situation.

Blood suckers may do the trick as well, I am telling you this  as
food  for  thought.  There  is also a  folk  medicine  that  gave
results, this is a long process however.

The person has to put raw graded potatoes all around the gangrene
part,  then wrap it with a clean bandage, this is done many times
a  day  & for weeks until the wound is healed. You need a lot  of
potatoes but the result is what counts.

Grated  raw potato over the gangrene part repeated over and  over
every  hour for many weeks, will get rid of it and you  will  not
have to cut off toes or foot or hands.

Put this grated raw potato all around the limb and wrap the whole
thing with clean cloth or clean paper towel type.

FIRST-AID TREATMENT FOR FROZEN BODY  SPECIAL NOTE:

It  has  been  known for a long time that when Eskimos  find  one
person  suffering  from deep freezing they would  get  him  naked
under furs or blankets & between 2 of their wives also naked.

A  sort  of human sandwich if you want, Their heat body would  be
best  to  thaw quickly & safely the victim. No dirty  mind  story
rather true story of many polar explorers. (Not pole-her story!)

PREVENTION OF FROSTBITE ADD ON:

Overall physical  well-being,  good  clothing&intelligent
operations  in  the  field are by far the best insurance  against
frostbite.

When  you  are  exhausted, hungry, sick, injured or hypoxic  your
chances of frostbite are increased.

SOME COLD TIPS: PSYCHOLOGY FILE: 

An  unhealthy  proportion of accidents occurs because  deep  down
underneath, someone wants them to happen. A mishap may be a face-
saving excuses for some failure.

Very  often  it  is  deliberately willed because  the  individual
believes he should be punished

Now  &  then  an  accident offers the simplest excuse  to  escape
responsibility.  Some use a misadventure as the  easiest  way  to
attract attention.

But  once  someone definitely realizes that he cannot  afford  an
accident,  the percentage line up heavily against the probability
of one overtaking him.

If you want to survive you most likely will. If not; then  you
wont!

This  is  why  it  has  been seen that people  will  deliberately
destroy  good equipment whereas other will improvise  to  survive
and help others.

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH:

In the impossibility to transport a woman in labour in a hospital
or satisfactory place, call immediately a doctor & ask a woman to
help you.

Let  the woman on her back, if you MUST move her then carry  her.
Put her outside people's view.

Since cleanliness is ESSENTIAL; wash very very well your hands if
you can, use also a hand or finger brush if you can.

The important point is the manipulation of the baby. Hold him  UP
at the moment when he starts to birth.

Clean  his face with a clean cloth so that you clean his mouth  &
nose & permit him /her to breath.

Most  babies cry at birth and start to breath. But they all  have
in the mouth & nose some liquids that MUST come off.

Lift  up  the  new born by the feet; place your left  hand  index
between  his  ankles, having your thumb around one ankle  &  your
other 3 fingers around the other ankle.

With  the right hand, support the shoulders, neck & head  of  the
baby.

THE  BODY  OF A NEW BORN IS VERY SLIPPERY & YOU MUST USE  YOUR  2
HANDS, TO DO A SAFE JOB.

Wrap  the  new-born in what is at hand, blankets, coat etc.  then
lay  him  down  on his side, on the mother's abdomen  facing  her
feet.

YOU MUST TAKE CARE NOT TO PULL ON THE UMBILICAL CORD, which still
ties the mother to the child.

Touch  it as little as possible. The cordon & the placenta  (what
follows)  are usually #expulsed# from the mother's womb about  20
minutes after the child birth.

Don't let it fall in a dirty place but wrap it with the new born,
it is not very clean but it is safe.

DON'T CUT THE UMBILICAL CORD, because you could give infection to
the  new born, with contaminated blades or the child could  bleed
to death if the umbilical cord is not well tied up.

There  is  no reason for alarm if after a few hours, the placenta
is still not #expulsed#. (OUT)

You  can then transport the mother and the child on the condition
that the baby is solidly wrapped on the mother's abdomen.

During  the first hour after child-birth, haemorrhage  danger  is
ALWAYS present.

The  quantity  of  blood coming along with  a  childbirth  ALWAYS
scares the inexperienced persons, but it is normal.

So relax. The haemorrhage happens when the uterus's muscles don't
contract.

The baby's  weight  upon  the  mother's  abdomen  favours  this
contraction that can also be helped by light massage.

At  the  touch  just under the navel, the uterus  MUST  give  the
impression  of  a firm organ. Check often with the  hand,  if  it
stays firm.

Check the baby often, to see if he breathes. It may be needed  to
lift  him  up many times to make him cry & help him to  disengage
his nose & mouth & respiratory channels. Keep him warm.

The rescuer  MUST  reassure  the  mother  while  reducing his
intervention to a minimum in the natural process of child-birth.

He  verifies if the baby breathes & manipulates him as little  as
possible.

You  MUST be as clean as possible, according to circumstance when
you assist a mother in child-birth.

If  you  MUST cut the umbilical cord, use sterile blade.  Cut  it
about 3 inches, after the baby, using this extra length to make a
good knot. Otherwise he could bleed to death.

WARNING:

ALWAYS  wait  till  the umbilical cord has turned  into  a  white
colour  before  cutting. 

     NEVER CUT BEFORE 3 TO 5 MINUTES OF CHILD BIRTH.

EYES & FOREIGN OBJECTS:

The  most often foreign objects getting in the eyes are: Dust  or
sand  particles, ashes, glass or metal pieces, contact lens. They
can be on the surface or stuck in the eye.

SYMPTOMS:

1)   Pricking sensation increased by eye  movement.
2)   Tears  3) Excessive sensitivity to the light.

First-AID:

1)   Prevent the victim to rub his eyes.

2)   Wash your hands carefully before examining the sick eye.

3)   Don't  use rigid instruments (tooth picks,  match  etc.)
     while trying to remove the foreign object.

4)   To remove an object on the surface, drown the eye with  a
     count- drops or a water flask filled with salted water.

5)Don't try to remove yourself an imbedded object in  the eye.

6)   Contact lens: Tell the victim to remove it herself.

7)   If  eye pupil is wounded, apply a light sterile dressing
     on it.
8)   Bring the victim to hospital without delay.

9)   It is best to cover both eyes, in order to reduce friction
     by the "normal eye  movement.

FLASHES:

Dazzling or blindness due to sun.

SYMPTOMS:

1)   Burning sensation even to intense pain.
2)   Reddening of the eyes
3)   Swelling
4)   Photophobia (fear of light)

5)   Symptoms  can delay their appearance &occur suddenly  in
     the middle of a deep  sleep.

PREVENTION: Avoid dazzling by wearing good sunglasses.

FIRST- AID:

1)   Keep the victim in a dark place.
2)   Apply a loose bandage on both eyes.

3)   Bring to hospital.
4)   Do not use eye drops.
5)   Bath with wet cloth.

6)   Do not expose to bright light.
7)   Improvement should be noted in 24 hours.

8)   But  don't  allow victim to expose to bright light  soon
     after or blindness may reoccur.

EYE PROBLEMS:

Try  to  see the object by holding a mirror close. Try to  remove
gently  object with tip of moistened handkerchief,  have  someone
else do it if possible.

Do  not try to remove any object that is firmly embedded in  eye.
Blinking may remove small surface object.

Blowing the nose very hard may help. Flush with clean water  from
side toward nose. If nothing helps, lightly bandage both eyes  of
victim, go for help.

If  you  are the victim rest several hours, then check sight.  If
troubles persist & you MUST have help, keep injured eye bandaged,
go for help.

GLASSES LOSS, BROKEN, BLURRY VISION; TIP:

Pinhole in paper, held close to the eyes will make it possible to
read map etc.

Hopefully if you loose your glasses you will have read  this  tip
beforehand and also carry an extra pair of glasses.

CARE OF THE EYES:

Nature  has provided your eyes with a most effective germ killer,
your  tears.  A tear will kill most bacteria & is a  defence  for
your eyes.

Despite  this natural protection your eyes may suffer from  glare
or from entry of a particle of dust or sand.

To  protect your eyes from glare, tie a bootlace, or a thin strip
of  bark or some dark-coloured material, or fire-wood soot across
your face just BELOW your eyes.

This  will  break  the glare from the ground &  give  you  almost
immediate  relief for eyes. If a particle of dust or sand  enters
the eyes don't rub the particular affected.

Rub  the opposite eye, it will stimulate the flow of tears & this
will help wash out the irritating matter. Or try cupping water in
your hands & immerse your sore eye in the cupped water, it's
generally effective.

EAR ACHE:

1)   Put a bag of ice or hot water bottle on the ear to ease the
     pain.

2)   Permanent  ear-ache result probably from an  infection
     and requires medical aid.

FOREIGN OBJECTS IN EAR:

Beans, peas, seed, insects. Etc.

1)   Don't put any instrument in the ear.

2)  Drown  the insect by filling the ear with hot water  or  oil.
     (Not too hot) 3) Bring to hospital.

NOSE & FOREIGN OBJECTS:

1)   Don't blow your nose strongly.
2)   Bring to hospital.

THROAT:

Objects such as: Piece of food, fish-bone, false-teeth.

SYMPTOMS:

Difficulty to: Swallow, vomits, suffocation signs.

1)   Remove the object if possible & visible.

2)   Do the Artificial Respiration if breathing stops.

3)   If impossible to remove the object call ambulance.

4) You can also try strong slap between the shoulder blades.

5)   If need be you can try the "Heimlich-Hug" *

STOMACH & ABDOMEN:

(From swallowing loose change, needles etc.)

FIRST- AID:  Don't give any laxatives.

ABDOMINAL PAINS:

1)   Send to hospital, case could be serious.
2)   Don't give any laxative.
3)   Don't give any food.

TOOT  ACHE:Prevention: Brush teeth, See dentist regularly.

1) If tooth is rotten, clean cavity with tooth- pick rolled in
cotton wool, then fill the cavity with a piece of cotton  wool
dipped in Clove essence.

2)   If its not rotten put on what best relief (hot or cold).
3)   Send to dentist.

4) Have  him  breath alcohol by the nostril  opposite  to  the
     tooth ache.

5) Alcohol on cotton and sniffed through the nose relieves it.

DIABETES:

Those  who need help usually suffer from excess insulin in  their
blood.  Most diabetes patients carry medical ID card. Also  often
carry sugar or candies to correct them.

SYMPTOMS:

1)   Fainting or weakening.
2)   Transpiration.
3)   Short & weak breathing.

FIRST- AID:

If victim conscious, have him take sugar, candies.

ANIMAL BITES:

It can cause tetanus & rabies. Human bites can cause a persisting
infection.

1)   Treat the bite as normal wound.

2) If you doubt rabies, try to identify the animal & call  the
     police. Don't kill the animal but give it for observation.

LEECHES OFF:

TO  TAKE THEM OFF, powder it with salt, or rub it with dry  sand.
Or  use the burning end of a cigarette close to it, they will let
go without problems.

CONTUSIONS:  (Not Confusion?)

The  skin is not broken, but the tissues can be wounded & damaged
veins  can  cause  swelling; put cold  compress  or  ice  on  the
swelling to reduce it diminish bleeding & relieve the pain.

THE GRAND ARM SLING (g/a/s): *

Place  an end of the triangular bandage around the victim's  neck
letting  it pass over the shoulder on the wounded side while  the
other  end fall on the chest. Slide then tip of the bandage under
& lower then the elbow of the wounded arm.

The  bandage base MUST just reach the finger tips. The tip of the
bandage is brought back & attached to the other end on top of the
shoulder using a flat knot.

This  knot  is to be located in the hollow of the collar-bone  on
the side of the wound.

During  all that time, the elbow of the wounded arm is maintained
at  right  angle  &  the arm is supported either  by  the  victim
herself  or  by  an assistant. We use this g/a/s/  for  elbow  or
forearm wounds.

THE SMALL ARM-SLING:*

Place the wide bandage under the wrist of the injured arm in such
way that one of his side is at the base of the little finger.

Pass one of the bandage's ends around the victim's neck & let  it
fall on the shoulder of the wounded side.

Pass the other end over the wrist of the injured arm & attach the
two  ends  using a flat knot* since the use of flat  knot  ALWAYS
goes with slings.

This  knot  is placed in the hollow of the neck over the  collar-
bone  on the wounded side. This sling is used for wounds  of  the
upper arm.

ST. JOHN SLING: *

Place the wounded forearm in diagonal over the chest, the fingers
pointing toward the other shoulder.

Put  over the arm a triangular bandage where the tip will  be  at
the  elbow  &  one  hand  will go over the intact  shoulder.  The
superior side of the bandage MUST be parallel to the forearm.

Slide the bandage base well over the forearm. Bring back the  tip
bottom  end backward & tie the 2 tips in the hollow of  the  neck
just over the collar-bone of the healthy side.

MAKE  SURE that a well shape pocket supports the arm comfortably.
Roll up the bandage tip around the elbow & pin it at the back  of
the arm.

WARNING!:

Since  the bent elbow could hinder the blood circulation  of  the
forearm, the pulse of this side MUST be frequently verify.

Too  thick  clothing at the elbow is usually the  cause  for  bad
blood circulation.

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE NOTE:*

This bandage is useless if not applied very strongly.

If  you wet it before use, it will shrink a bit while drying thus
exercise this way an equal pressure.

IMPROVISED SLINGS:

You  can  use the side of coat or a shirt with or without  safety
pins,  a necktie, or using the uninjured one to support the  sick
one.

SHOULDER SLING:

Hold  up  the arm on the wounded side with a small sling.  Put  a
triangular bandage open on the dressing, the tip under the knot's
sling.

Make  a narrow crease at the base of the bandage & cross them  in
their  ends around the upper part of the arm, then knot  them  on
the  exterior side. Bring back the tip over the shoulders knot  &
tie it strongly.

HEAD DRESSING:

Place  a narrow hem at the base of the triangular bandage,  place
the  centre  of the base on the forehead just over the  eyebrows,
the bandage covering the head, the tip end toward the neck.

Pass the ends around the head above the ears & cross them on  the
nape of the neck maintaining the tip end underneath.

Bring  back the crossed ends towards the forehead, knotting  them
on the forehead above the bandage base. Pull the end well ahead &
pin it to the bandage.

EYE, EAR, CHEEK, FOREHEAD:

Put  the  centre of a narrow bandage over the dressing & roll  it
around the head, knotting the ends, if possible over the dressing

CHEST OR BACK:

Put  the  tip of the bandage over one shoulder, letting fall  the
bandage over the chest.

Bring back the ends around the body, & knot them so that the knot
is under the shoulder where the point is located.

Now it remains a long end that you bring back toward the shoulder
that you attach at the tip of the bandage. Use the same procedure
for a back dressing.

ELBOW:

Usually  it is not necessary to use a triangular bandage that  is
open  to maintain a dressing on the elbow. Bring back the 2  ends
together to reduce them by half

Bend  lightly  the elbow, apply the dressing &  put  the  bandage
folded end toward the exterior of the arm over the elbow.

Turn  the  ends around the forearm, crossing them  in  the  elbow
crease,  then  bring them back behind the arm, above  the  elbow.
Knot the ends, fold the end over the knot & pin it.

HAND:

Make  a narrow fold at the base of the open bandage. Put the hand
on  the  bandage, wound on top, fingers toward the  point  &  the
wrist at the centre of the base. Bring back the end over the hand
up to the forearm.

Fold  the sides on one side or the other of the hand & arm. Cross
the  ends & turn them around the wrist; knot the ends. Bring back
the end over the knot & pin it.

HIP:

Put  a narrow bandage around the waist, knotting the ends on  the
wounded side. Slide the tip of open triangular bandage under this
knot, letting the bandage fall back on the hip.

Fold narrowly the base & bring back the ends around the thigh, so
that  you knot them on the exterior side. Slide the tip point  of
the bandage over the knot of the belt & pin it.

KNEE:

Put the open triangular bandage on the knee, the point toward the
upper of the thigh. Fold slightly the base & turn the ends around
the leg below the knee.

Cross the ends behind the knee & bring them back over the thigh &
below  the knee, knot them, bring back the point over the knot  &
pin.

FOOT:

Place  the foot on the open bandage, the toes toward the point  &
the heel at about 3 inches from the base.

Bring  back  the  point over the foot up to  the  leg.  Fold  the
bandage sides on each side of the foot.

Cross the ends on the foot, turn them around the ankle  over  the
base  of the bandage of the heel. Knot them at the front  of  the
leg over the ankle & pint it.

FOOT TROUBLE PREVENTION:

Nothing  can spoil more surely an outdoor trip then trouble  with
the feet.

This  usually dilemma can often be relieved on the trail  by  the
prompt use of the small ready-made gauze dressing centred on bits
of adhesive tape.

If  you  feel a spot starting to become tender, stop &  cover  it
with as many Band-Aids, as may be needed.

One is usually sufficient, but you will tell best after you start
walking again.

Frequently,  the  danger & annoyance of blistering  can  thus  be
avoided.  Even  after  these vesicles have  appeared  a  properly
applied dry dressing will many times prevent further friction,  &
left on will allow the spot to harden.

It  is A MISTAKE to cover a blistered heel with an adhesive tape,
as  many  do,  for healthful air is thus excluded  and  the  area
beneath is kept moist and soft without any chance to toughen.

If  there are already breaks in the skin an infection has all the
more  opportunity to develop as we have seen happen on more  than
one occasion.

CARE OF THE FEET:

It  is  VITALLY IMPORTANT to take proper care of your feet  on  a
walking trip.

A  small  blister can rub away & become a raw spot & you will  be
immobilised & your progress be painful & slow.

If the feet show signs of being tender, the skin can be toughened
up by urinating on the feet.

When  blisters  threaten  or  develop,  sticking  Band-Aids  will
prevent their further development, & offer immediate relief.

BEST TREATMENT FOR A BLISTER:

When  is has already formed is to thread a piece of clean  cotton
through the blistered skin, cutting off the thread 1/4" on either
side of its point of entry.

This  will drain the fluid from the blister but prevent  the  air
from entering. Cover the blister with clean bandage.

INGROWING TOENAILS:

Are another cause of foot trouble.

IMMEDIATE  RELIEF  CAN BE OBTAINED by scraping  the  top  of  the
toenail  either with a file, rasp, the sharp edge of a  knife  or
even a piece of broken glass.

The  top  of  the nail should be scraped until it is sufficiently
thin to be easily depressed with the tip of your finger.

CORNS:

Of  course, can be pared down, but a reputable make of corn Band-
Aids & avoiding tight-fitting shoes, is the best way to keep free
from these troubles and all kinds of others as well.

TWISTED ANKLES:

Are common ailments in rocky country.

If  the twist is not too severe, the best thing is to keep on the
move,  gradually  getting the ankle into  working  order  through
exercise.

If  the twist is severe, sufficient to make the walker completely
immobile.

Alternate bathing with very hot water & cold water will stimulate
the blood flow & give the patient some relief.

After  this treatment, apply a tight bandage & the patient should
be able to limp along.

When  walking along river courses, it's not advisable  to  remove
your boots. It is slippery and bare foot will make you fall. Best
keep wet then broken or twisted ankle or foot.

FISH-HOOK IN SKIN:

HOW TO REMOVE IT?: The classical method is to thrust deeper the
hook until the hook-head bypass the skin, then to cut it or saw
it.

But  I  believe  in a less painful & easier way to  proceed.  You
weigh  upon  the hook firmly. The hook-end that has already  made
its way will do the reverse trip without hooking again.

To  help  its evacuation, we use a fish-line passed in  the  hook
curve, that way we can pull uniformly. If  you are alone tie the
fish-line to something in order  to  do the pulling-job

DIGESTIVE UPSETS:

Ask  your  doctor about a prescription of Paregoric* tablets  for
possible  use  in  quieting the system after a  severe  digestive
upset.

Once  the  body has had the time to expel the causes.  Infectious
food carried maladies thrive only in crowded area, not in bush.

So  if  you stop at any doubtful or overly busy eating places  It
would be wise neither to drink water there nor to order cold  nor
raw food.

It  would be best also to eat only meat that is well done all the
way through.

Ground meat can be especially dangerous.

Safest choice are bottle drinks, black tea made on the spot  with
boiling water

FOOD POISONING:

In severe food poisoning verging on collapse, one treatment is to
wash  out the stomach with a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate,
1/4  teaspoon to a glass of cool water. Drink 2 glasses  of  this
right one on top of each other.

This  may  be  vomited  or it may pass right  through.  Sometimes
nothing  else is necessary, except perhaps a restricted  diet  of
weak tea & dry toast for the next day.

If  troubles  continue,  it  will  be  necessary  to  retard  the
intensity of the bowel movement, so as to permit the building  up
of a concentration of medication.

You do this with *Paregoric carried in your kit easily in form of
tiny  10  minim tablets, of which a vial of 24 uses  very  little
space.

An  adult may take 2 or 3 tabs every 4 to 6 hours, for as long as
the need continues.

If there was a moderate reoccurrence of diarrhoea after a 4 hours
period, one or 2 tab might do.

Your  Doctor may suggest to include 2 or 3 dz. 1/2gr. tablets  of
Sulfathadine or Sulfaguanidine.

You could take 4 tabs of either. The desired effect is of course,
only  symptomatic, for Paregoric combats not the cause,  but  the
digestive irritability.

Vomiting at the onset might pose a problem. The individual  might
be  able  to hold down the initial dose of paregoric long  enough
for sufficient to be absorbed to check the vomiting

Otherwise  the cycle could be broken by holding under the  tongue
until absorbed a 1/4gr. Morphine Sulphate hypo-tablet.

The  trouble itself could then be attacked by one of the  largely
non-soluble *Sulfas.

Incidentally, the formerly widely recommended purge of Calomel or
some  similar  purgative  is no longer  approved,  for  taking  a
cathartic  would  be therefore be sort of like whipping  a  jaded
horse.

If the trouble continues, you might reasonably assume:

1)   Either the medication is not hitting.
2)   It hasn't reached the area affected.

3)   There is not sufficient concentration.

Normally, 2 more tabs could then be repeated in 4 to 6 hours.  If
these still don't act, 2 more could be repeated in another 4 to 6
hours.

In the bush you might give 3 or 4 tries then go to something else
such as penicillin if available.

Once  cured it is often well to stay on light ration such as weak
tea  &  toast  for  a day, while replenishing in  repeated  small
amounts  of  slightly salted water the often critically  depleted
fluid level of the body, dehydration & salt depletion being major
dangers in such upset.

PENICILLIN:

Penicillin can now be taken orally & be just as effective if  not
more  so than shots administrated intramuscularly,  which is  why
your  doctor  may  suggest you taking  along  a  supply  of  oral
penicillin, perhaps in combination with one or more of the  safer
*Sulfa drugs.

Because of their qualities of absorption some of these penicillin
compounds should as directed be taken before meals.

A  bottle  of 50 tablets occupies very little room. The  standard
tablet  contains about 250,000 units of penicillin,  the  average
dose for infection with fever then being one tablet, 4 to 6 hours
apart, 3 or 4 times a day.

In  case of pneumonia to give an example; a usual treatment would
be 1 tablet 3 or 4 times a day as directed.

This  is  to be continued until there was a definite response-  a
clinical improvement that is.

Particularly the all important one signified by the  dropping  of
fever.  This a reason why a good thermometer belongs in  a  F/Aid
kit.

As soon as the temperature remains normal for 12 hours the dosage
might be halved for 2 days.

A  reason  for  not  stopping it immediately  is  that  when  the
infection is not adequately treated but only suppressed,  it  may
flare up again.

If  some infections were likely as a result perhaps of a bad cut,
a sound preventive step might be to go on 1/2 dosage for 3 days.

A  more  serious  situation  as in the  instance  of  a  compound
fracture would call for a full dosage.

Penicillin is known to have some effect in combating Tetanus.

It  might  be preventively used therefore, if there seems  to  be
even  a  remote possibility of tetanus as from gunshot  wound  or
from a deep puncture wound contaminated by soil, clothing etc.

It  is not advisable to take antibiotics for long periods. A week
is long enough.

If  there  is  no response by then, the particular antibiotic  is
probably doing no good & may as well be quit anyway.

BLEEDING AND CONTROL:

The  commonest outdoor injuries are cuts followed  by  sprains  &
strains,  bruises  and then fractures. Hands & fingers  are  hurt
most often, then feet and toes then legs next.

One of 4 injuries reported is caused by hand tools such as axes &
knives.  These  later are the most immediately  serious  whenever
accompanied  by  heavy bleeding, for this MUST  BE  STOP  AT  THE
EARLIEST POSSIBLE SECOND.

Even  when  a severe artery is no larger than the graphite  of  a
pencil, an individual can last no more than a few minutes at most
if its bleeding is not stopped.

Pressing  a  clean & preferably sterile dressing over  the  wound
will  usually  control  the bleeding if  sufficient  pressure  is
applied.

This  usually  can  be done, especially with  the  assistance  if
necessary of elastic bandages used as previously described. **

If  you  don't have any then press firmly & strongly against  the
nearest pressure point. **

The  blood  supply to an entire arm can be shut off  by  pressing
just  behind the ridge to be felt on the inner side of the armpit
beneath the raised arm.

THE LARGE FEMORAL ARTERY OF THE LEG CAN BE CONTROLLED BY:

Gripping  the leg near the body & drawing the fingers about  half
way  down  the  inner  surface where  they  will  find  a  slight
depression at whose bottom throbs this great arterial trunk.

Incidentally  the  blood vessels of the lower leg  can  often  be
closed  by  pressing under the flexed knee between  the  2  major
tendons in that area.

If  the bleeding still continues dangerously, the next step is to
apply a tourniquet to the elevated limb.

Any  preferably flat material will do for this, but  particularly
efficacious  is  a resilient 2" wide rubber strip  about  5  feet
long.

INDIGESTION:

Use 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda in 1/2 glass of water, not to  be
repeated more than 2 or 3 times a day.

And  definitively not to be used habitually often helps  to  ease
the discomfort of acid indigestion & heartburn.

1/2 table spoon of baking soda in a glass of water will serve  as
mouth-wash or a gargle.

Plain ordinary table salt, a rounded teaspoon in a quart of  warm
water taken preferably on an empty stomach will serve as a purge.

CLEANLINESS & FOOD:

Cleanliness of eating utensils is very important. These should be
washed  immediately after a meal & left exposed  if  possible  to
sunlight after washing it.

If  there  is  any doubt about your meat being safe to  eat  then
assume it's bad, rather then take chances.

THE  SAFEST WAY TO CARRY MEAT IS TO COOK IT PARTLY WHILE YOU KNOW
ITS STILL FRESH & SAFE.

Cooking will destroy harmful bacteria of decay, for a period.

Such  items as mixed meat as sausages are best cooked before  you
leave  home & then carried in the fat in which they were  cooked.
This  will  preserve  it for 4 days to 1 week  depending  of  the
weather.

MAGGOTS TO HELP HEALING WOUNDS & PREVENT INFECTIONS:

In  "the  savage  my kinsman; E. Eliot who spent  50  years  as
missionary among Auca Indians of S. America writes this:

"There  were several people who displayed deep scars  from  spear
wounds. They described her how they had been pierced. They had
either yanked out the spears tearing the flesh badly  on the 
barbs, or left them IN until the wound festered and  maggots ate 
a hole large enough to enable them to remove the spears. The
scars in these cases were as neat as a surgical incision.

The  maggots  in  the wounds had fed on the pus-forming  germs  &
stopped an infection spreading

When there were no more pus-former, the maggots died & fell off."
One could try maggots in case of Gangrene before cutting.

We  heard  of the same phenomenon from a German woman doctor  who
worked on the Eastern front during the war; many soldiers refused
to have a new dressing put on, saying:

"We  are all right, we have got maggots." In the cold winter  the
maggots  also  had the effect of keeping the wound warm  all  the
time, so that frost-bite could not set in.

MAGGOTS AS PENICILLIN: 

IN THE OLD DAYS MAGGOTS WERE USED SUCCESSFULLY TO ELIMINATE WOUND
POISONING SINCE THERE WAS NO PENICILLIN ETC. IT STILL WORKS TODAY
DESPITE WHAT THE DOCTOR MAY SAY.

Also  to  wash  the  wound in salted water,  slat  is  a  natural
antiseptic,  or  better in sea water will kill  germs  and  LOWER
TREMENDOUSLY ANY RISK OF POST OPERATION INFECTIONS.

SPECIAL FILE IN F-AID FOR COLD PROBLEMS:

At  -10F.  &  lower,  I have seen a friend with  a  bathing  suit
rolling  &  laughing in the snow quite comfortably,  but  if  the
temperature rises to -5F or 0F. he was freezing.

The  reason he said was that at -10F the humidity is nil and that
the snow feels like hot sand in mid-june.

You  may have to try it, should you fall into a river or lake due
to a hot spot, to roll yourself in the snow to dry up.
COLD PROBLEMS & REMEDIES:

FROSTBITE & HEAT UNITS PAD:

If  you have those heating pads, hand-warmer type but only a few,
you  can  place  them  in the following order;  the  pit  of  the
stomach,  the small of the back,  the wrist & between thighs  and
ankles.

While  the  units  are being warmed or not available,  strip  the
patient  of his clothing & place 2 naked persons on each side  of
the patient keeping them well covered by blankets.

Massaging  the  patient will help raise his temperature.  If  the
shelter  is  lower  than 70F, this should  be  done  through  the
sleeping  bag,  by reaching the hand down in the  s/bag.  If  the
person is conscious, stimulation can be helped by hot drinks.

In  treatment  of hypothermia, avoid the use of  alcohol  as  the
surface  blood  vessels open up allowing warmth to  escape,  even
though the patient may feel warmer

HYPOTHERMIA & FROSTBITE:

Hypothermia may be avoided by conserving body heat & energy. (Ex:
keep head covered).

MAKE  CERTAIN  that  starting  a  journey,  all  ESSENTIALS are
included,  that a proper meal has been eaten & clothing  has  not
been  permitted to become damp from perspiration or that clothing
was damp at the start of the journey.

HYPOTHERMIA  IS  THE PRELUDE TO FROSTBITE, which  is  the  actual
freezing of the living tissue. Usually experienced by feeling  of
numbness of the part affected.

The  skin  turns yellowish-white or blue in appearance &  finally
the area becomes inactive.

3 DEGREES OF FROSTBITE:

FIRST:  It  is distinguish by the yellowish-white  colour  the
fact that the area remains elastic.

SECOND & THIRD DEGREE:

Frostbite  can  only  be determined as the thawing  takes  place.
During  the  thawing process blisters will appear on  the  second
degree.

IN THE THIRD DEGREE:

Ice will  appear  on  the  surface  and  the  area  will  swell
proportionately as the thawing continues.

The swelling will discolour as the tissue has been destroyed.  In
some  cases  the  outer skin will come off &  an  odour  will  be
noticed. This is an indication of gangrene presence.

In  treating frostbite of any degree, the first step is  to  seek
shelter. First degree may be thawed by placing the warm bare hand
over the affected area.

AVOID  RUBBING to prevent the breaking of the skin. 2nd  and  3rd
degree frostbite to treat as hypothermia.

The  heating  units  should be placed on the unfrozen  area.  Hot
drinks should be given &a mild form of heat applied to the frozen
area.

This may be done by immersing the frozen portion in warm but  not
hot  water, or the use of wet compress. Theses should be  changed
frequently as they may freeze to the skin when first applied.

If  a compress freezes to the skin, DON'T pull it off, but gently
thaw out by using the hand or other compress.

Care MUST  be  taken  with  blisters  rising  from  2nd  degree
frostbite.

DON'T BRAKE THEM as they is a danger of infection causing a delay
in  healing. These blisters MUST be given adequate protection  if
going out in the cold.

In  attempting to thaw a third degree frostbite, ice  appears  on
the surface of the frozen portion.

AVOID  BREAKING  IT  OFF as it usually results  in  breaking  the
surface  skin. The pain usually becomes severe as sensitivity  is
restored to the frozen area.

The  patient  may  have to be restrained but  the  area  MUST  be
thawed. After the area has thawed completely, the area should  be
covered with sterile bandages.

These  should  be applied in good quantity & rather firmly.  They
will  be  required to absorb considerable matter and may  require
loosening if swelling occurs.

If  an  arm or a leg are the frozen members, circulation  may  be
helped by elevating that member to 20 degrees.

Examine  the  area the following the thawing and if infection  is
starting,  antibiotics should be given if available to  keep  the
infection from spreading.

Frostbite  should be prevented rather than be cured.  For  ex;  A
location where wind velocity of 30 mph at temperature of 30F. can
freeze  the  human  flesh in 1/2 minute,  &  it's  no  place  for
ignorance, carelessness or bragging.

Fingers,  feet,  ears, nose and cheeks are  most  susceptible  to
frostbite.

So  if  2 or more people are together, they MUST frequently check
one  another  for signs of yellowish-white colour or numbness  in
these areas. If alone be doubly suspicious.

Frostbite can be prevented by being prepared for sudden change of
wind, velocity or temperature. Dressing for emergency rather then
just counting on the car or plane heat.

Clothing  should  be  vented to avoid  perspiration.  AVOID  also
touching metal with bare skin, keep out of head-winds.

The  most  effective F-AID measure where possible is: to  thaw  a
frozen foot or hand slowly in a warm bath.***

SNOW BLINDNESS: 

It's  a temporary form of blindness caused by a concentration  of
direct or reflected sun's rays, from fresh snow or ice.

It  occurs most frequently during the spring or early summer when
the sun is high in the sky. The eyes become very sensitive to the
glare & start squinting & watering. The  vision starts to a pink
to a red and the eyes appear to have sand & ground glass in them.

If  nothing  is  done to correct the situation,  vision  will  be
blanked out completely & the person will be in excruciating pains
for 3 to 4 days.

Fast  immediate relief before too late, to apply  dark  cloth  or
dark colour grease or soot just below the eye. The patient should
be  place  in  a  dark  room  or have his  eyes  covered  with  a
blindfold.

Cool  compress may be applied followed by Skyrotien being  placed
on the inside of the eyelid.

Again  prevention is better then cure. Wear sunglasses or goggles
made  of  cloth,  wood,  paper  but  not  from  metal.  The  same
precaution is to be taken even when the sun is overcast.

SUNBURN AND WINDBURN:

All  exposed parts of the body are subjected to sun and windburn.
The  higher  the altitude the more effective is the  sun  on  the
skin,  and  the  wind  combines with the  sun  to  aggravate  the
situation.

Oily  lotions  & suntan lotions will help prevent the  skin  from
drying  out. Failing to have these on hand, the uses of oil  from
freshly killed animal fats are useful in emergency.

Theses  should be applied the night before as they  increase  the
heat dissipation.

     THE BEST PREVENTION IN SURVIVAL IS MINIMUM EXPOSURE.
     (You are not in a beauty contest.)

SHOCK IN COLD CLIMATE:

Shock  is apt to occur after an accident & may appear in 2 forms.
The one involves panic, hysteria, mental anxiety & confusion. The
other is the result of body injury, wounds etc.

It  is recognize by a quickening of the respiration, a pallor  of
the  skin, cold perspiration, confused mental processes,  a  fast
weak pulse or muscle tensions.

Shock  is not peculiar to Arctic, yet cold temperatures  make  it
more difficult to treat. When  burns & frostbite occur the plasma
oozes from the wounds  & if  internal injury occurs there is a
decrease in the  amount  of blood in the system.

This deprives the heart of its normal supply of blood & thus  the
extremities are more susceptible to cooling down & freezing.

The cooling of the extreme regions of the body has a tendency for
the  blood  to  return to the vital organs thus  aggravating  the
situation.

TREATMENT:

For  such condition is similar to that of hypothermia, to restore
the  body to its normal temperature by protection from the  cold,
applying external heat & massaging.

Shock  in  the  more or less dazed form should  be  treated  with
sympathy,  humane and understanding rather then  harsh  full  and
critical.

DIARRHOEA:

While  not peculiar to Arctic, it often besets survivors. It  can
be  serious  in that it lowers a person's resistance & defecation
is no small problem

THE  BEST TREATMENT IS to drink plenty of liquids to replace  the
loss.

Diarrhoea  can  be  prevented  &  even  somewhat  controlled by
relieving  mental  strain  and  maintaining  a  high  degree of
sanitation as possible by cleaning all cooking & eating  utensils
thoroughly & boiling any water used for drinking.

The  amount  of  fat  & rich food consumed  should  be  in  small
quantities.A  person should not be concerned if they go for a
week or longer without shitting.

This  is  usually due to the limited intake of rough food  &  the
tension experienced in attempting to survive.

When food becomes available after discovering an aircraft drop or
after a rescue, only small quantities of food should be taken  at
any one time to avoid discomfort.

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING: 

This  a  DEADLY  GAS resulting from the incomplete combustion  of
synthetic  fuels.  It  may  be  fatal,  if  found  in the air
concentrations greater than 400 of 1% .

It  is  colourless, odourless, & tasteless bringing  on  headache
drowsiness,  nausea followed by unconsciousness and  death  in  a
very short time.

It can be prevented by maintaining good ventilation at all times,
cleaning  stoves and carburettors well before they  are  lighted.
Lamps and stoves should NEVER be left burning when sleeping.

If  ventilation is poor or it's necessary to have  heat  supplied
during the night, natural fuel should be used if at all possible.

This  gas  burns with a blue flame if completes combustion  takes
place. If a yellow flame is being generated, the stove should  be
checked.

PERSONAL HYGIENE:

People  who are away from civilization have a tendency to  reduce
their personal habits of cleanliness.

Most of these are relaxed because of the tension in attempting to
survive  &  yet CLEANLINESS IS 1 OF THE ESSENTIALS FOR COMFORT  &
WARMTH OF THE BODY.

Perspiration of the body is greater during survival than at other
times.

If  body oils & accumulation of wastes are permitted to build  up
in  the surface of the skin, they become conductors of heat  that
should be retained by the body.

This can be removed by the use of a rag a foot square, a bowl  of
water  & some soap. As many of the clothing should be removed  as
possible & the body sponged.

If  no water is available, rubbing the body with a wool rag  will
have  somewhat  the same results. It will be found  necessary  to
have such a bath at least once a week.

FUR TEETH & MOUTH TROUBLE:

If  no tooth brush, a piece of cloth on the finger can be used to
clean teeth & massage the gum.

A  mouth-wash of salt & water can be used as gargle and  feathers
are excellent tooth-pick. Great care should be done in the use of
toilet facilities.

DISEASES FROM ANIMALS:

In  the North 3 parasitic diseases exist in some animals that may
be transmitted to human. The hare or rabbits may have one called:
Tularaemia.

Care  MUST be done while cleaning those animals as infection  can
be transmitted through a cut or open sore.

Trichinosis  is  a  disease found in pigs in many  parts  of  the
world.  The  bear  is  also a carrier of disease.  Hydatid  is  a
parasite carried by dog, wolves, fox and moose. (Not by Moses)

In  all  cases  the  meat of these animals can be  eaten  without
danger  if the meat has been well cooked. Some fresh water fishes
may be heavily infected with tape worm.

Most salt water fishes can be eaten raw, but it's much better  to
cook the flesh well.

VASELINE:  Have in s/kit via its many uses: to cook,  smear  etc.

MEDICINAL PLANTS NOTES:

OLD SCIENCE  MEDICAL PLANTS SEE MEDICAL PLANT**

More than 250 plants were know in the old days in Egypt for their
curative healing effects

The most know were of course the *#genevievre, sene, fenouil# and
analgesic  effects  of  the #pavot# as  the  *belladonna  is 
used against cold & #athsma#.

We find the quinine to fight *#paludism# and coca as pain killer.
This a field which needs more information and work*.**

If  you have the possibility to grow your own plants that will be
used  for medicinal purposes the results will be far better since
the potency of them is greater when they are fresh.

MAKE  SURE  that you wash your plants very well especially  those
that  you  have gathered in the wild state since they could  have
been sprayed with insecticide.

WARNING!:

Any  natural  or  synthetic plants or  substances  can  cause  an
allergy this is why one should be careful at first and give it  a
kind of dry run before going berserk on using it on him or anyone
else.

Test  it first by using a small quantity then wait for 3 days  at
least.If  after  this delay nothing has happened then you  can 
use  it without fear.

If there is an allergy then don't use it but it still can be good
for  others however. The most used forms to prepare & used  these
plants are these:

INFUSION:

Pour  1/2  litre  of boiling water on 2 tbsp. of dry  leaves. 
Let infuse 10 minutes before drinking or 3 hours if you are going 
to use it for external usage.

DECOCTION:

Same  proportions as above but heat it up on LOW heat  in  a  pot
with its cover on for 5 to 10 minutes.

#UNGUENT#:

You  need 1/5 of crushed powdered herbs for 4/5 of fat or  grease
that  has  no  odour,  one  could  use  vaseline  or  some  other
shortening but MAKE SURE it has no perfume of any kind.

This grease or fat is melted by low heat then you add the herb(s)
that  you  mix  well together then you will add a  few  drops  of
*Benjon teinture to help the preservation. If you were to use  it
right away then you can do it without.

AROMATIC OIL:

Prepared  with  #petal# from fresh flowers or any other  odorous
plants  that  you  let #macerer# in pure oil that  has  no  odour
whatever otherwise it will not work.

After  one  or two days you throw away the #petal#  and  replace
them by fresher flowers.

This  procedure  is  repeated 7 to 8  times  until  the  oil  has
acquired  an odour or aroma as strong as the original plant  that
you wanted the scent from.

IMPORTANT NOTE FOR PRESERVATION:

The  infusion and decoction* MUST be kept in the fridge  or  very
cool  place  and  used within the first 3 days,  after  that  you
better throw them away and make new ones.

As  for the oils & #unguents# they can be kept for many months on
the condition that they are kept in a cool and dark place.

NOTE:

The  dried  plants MUST be kept in a dark fresh cool  place  into
tightly sealed containers. Used any containers with the exception
of metallic ones especially aluminium.

#ROMARIN#:

The  Romans  thought it was good for the memory. When applied  by
cold infusion on the hair it fights dandruff.

ALOE: *

Already used by the native Indians to fight wrinkles and the loss
of  hair. The liquid that comes from the leaves soothes the small
burns & bugs bites.

Just break off a leave and gather the jelly like sap and smear it
on the burn or sting.

The  leave can be kept for a while in a fridge, its sap can  also
be used for a mild case of skin irritation.

BASILIC: *

According  to  the  Indian  monk its  strong  scent  favours  the
meditation. It also helps to repel mosquitoes and bugs and  drunk
in infusion it helps a bit at times against headache.

CAMOMILE:

Because  of  its  soothing effect it is used to help  someone  to
sleep and can also be used against tooth ache. It is also used to
condition hair and its flowers give a very nice scent.

#CONSOUDRE#:

It  has the reputation to help mend the broken bones. You use  it
in the form of pomade or  cataplasm. *

GINSENG:

According  to  many  this  is the plants  of  the  gods  for  its
aphrodisiac  properties.  It  also stimulates  the  appetite  and
should not be used if you are on a diet.

#CLOU DE GIROFLE#:

Used  in  China in the old days to perfume the breath.  Under  an
oily form it is also used to help fight tooth ache because of its
analgesic and antiseptic property.

#EAU DE ROSE#:

Used  in many body or facial cream bases. Its #pouvoir hydratant#
helps to keep the skin young.

ALMOND:

Another  soft oil that is used for beauty purposes and  products.
It's  also  strongly recommended to help cleaning the skin  in  a
smooth way.

GARLIC:

Used  for a long time by the Egyptians for all kinds of sickness.
EX;  diarrhoea,  bad blood circulation since  it  stimulates  and
cleanses the system. (Flushes it out sort of speak.)

A  note  here  is that we hear that a blade smeared  with  garlic
juice  will  give a cut that will not heal easily so  be  careful
when cutting garlic that you don't cut yourself.

Garlic is a very old recipe for all kinds of stomach troubles  so
for  some little daily digestive problems just add a cuss or  two
of garlic into your dishes it will be an excellent stimulant.

Now  as  for  the odour in your breath chewing a  few  leaves  of
parsley helps along, and if every one else has eaten your  dishes
then they should not smell your breath since they themselves have
eaten the same food with garlic.

#VINAIGRE DE CIDRE#:

Very  much  in used since the old days for its virtues (boosting)
#reconstituents# and calming. Added into the bath it helps soothe
any itching.

LANOLIN:

It is extracted from the sheep wool and is used for dry skins. It
is very much used in the bases for beauty cream.

HONEY:

It is a mild sedative and at the same time an excellent stimulant
when you need energy.

When someone has collapsed from exhaustion you put a spoonful  of
honey  into its mouth and bingo the effect is on like  a  booster
shot  of a kind. Applied externally it feeds the skin and soothes
small irritations.

#AIRELLE# : A PLANT AGAINST COLD & COUGH from (Hic!) IRELAND!

Cook a cup of #airelles# into two cups of water until the skin of
the  berries splits open. Strain and then add a bit of honey then
you warm up the mixture till it starts to boil and remove it from
the fire.

Next  you *#delayer a tbsp. of fecule of potato# into two tbsp. 
of cold  water  and  then you pour it slowly on the #airelle# 
juice while you stir very well the whole thing.

Once  this is done you put it back onto the fire ALWAYS  stirring
it, till it becomes thicker and gets a sort of transparent aspect
and serves while hot with cream & sugar. This an old Irish recipe
to fight cold and at the same time it is an excellent desert.

HOME RECIPE AGAINST COUGH & SORE CHEST:

If  you  have  some pepper, some honey or molasses and  a  little
butter  or  margarine, then you are on, first you use 3  tbsp. 
of honey  that  you  add 1/3 tbsp of pepper that  you  pour  into 
a skillet containing one tbsp of butter, warm it up and mix it 
all together then  serve while hot as a hot cough syrup.

If your chest hurts crazy from all this coughing and you have ice
then  put  the ice cubes into a wet towel that you then lay  this
bundle onto your chest and leave it there for a while.

I  know  it  sounds crazy but it works, since the cold ice  cubes
will  sort  of numb your lungs that are irritated from  all  that
coughing, believe me it works.

Although I MUST admit that the first time it was tried onto me  I
thought  that  she  wanted my death rather than  my  well  being.
Wonder  NEVER  ceases. Fighting a cold with  ice  reminds  me  of
fighting fire by fire.

SORE THROAT:

Prepare infusions from either #Consoudre Romarin# or camomile and
add  some honey and lemon. To this you can also add two  tbsp  of
vinegar into a cup of hot water.

#GARGARISM#:

To  fight  the  beginning of #angine# make a #gargarism#  from  a
decoction  made  of  #feuille  de  ronces#  or  strawberries or
raspberries out of 50 grams per litre of water.

COUGH SYRUP:

Boil  a lemon into water for 10 minutes or heat it near the fire.
Then  cut into two and press out the juice to which you  add  two
tbsp of glycerine and honey.

This  syrup will soothe the irritation provoked by the  coughing.
Use it at regular interval according to your needs.

HEADACHE & NERVOUSNESS = MINT TEA:

For  occasional low mood and headache drink a cup of mint tea  or
from  *papaya  it  will stimulate you. If  you  are  too  nervous
however  then drink a cup of camomile tea or simply  a  glass  of
milk.

INSOMNIA PROBLEM:

Beside  Camomile at night you can take before going to  sleep  an
infusion  of #tilleul or fleur d'oranger# or #aubepine# that  all
have a definite soothing action. The following recipe is said  to
resolve the worst case of insomnia.

I  should  try it, since I write all the time at night  but  then
again  I am a night bird like all barmen we are the owls of life.
Now back to the grinder with this recipe; sleep on it.

In  one  litre  of  water let infuse 1/4 of a tbsp  of  petal  de
#coquelicot#  with  10 grams of lettuce leaves  and  a  pinch  of
#aubepine# flower and a pinch of #metilot#.

No,  you don't have to drink the whole litre of water because you
would be up all night running to the bathroom.

TIRED AND IN NEED OF A BOOST: (Roadrunner?

Beside  Spirolina  capsule that was mentioned somewhere  else  in
those files you can also use this recipe every day.

Just  take two tbsp of vinegar and honey diluted into  a  cup  of
water. This mixture will give you pep & energy. To Burn rubber?

VINEGAR OR LEMON BATH?:

#To  tonifier# the body and calm the irritations of the skin  due
to  the repeated used of a soap that was too alkaline just add to
your bath water a little bit of vinegar or lemon.

This  will give back to your body its natural acidity. This  bath
is also recommended for its stimulating action.

MUSCULAR PAINS AND JOINTS ACHES:

Make  a solution using a cup of *hamamelis mixed with 1/4 cup  of
friction  alcohol and give a smooth but firm massage to the  sore
muscles to help them relax.

SORE FEET?:

If  you  have  any lavender just add a few drops of this  extract
into your foot bath and let them rest for a while.

You can also use this quick but excellent trick after a long walk
by simply placing some #feuille de fougere# into your shoes.

I  even heard of someone using this into the crib of a small baby
who  was too weak to help her get some strength, it seems to work
wonders for that purpose so she told me 30 years later.

DIGESTION PROBLEMS:

Many  Indian tribes simply used mint infusions. But you can  also
use  the  #clou de girofle# in case of strong nausea* that  might
prove itself very good for pregnant woman.

But  this  I  don't know yet it could be worth a try, first  lets
find  a woman then get her married and pregnant then I will  tell
you more.

It  is  also  known that dry fruits and fresh fruit juices  taken
before meals stimulate the gastric juices and help along to avoid
stomach cramps.

STOMACH CRAMP OR BAD DIGESTION:

To help  along  in  your digestion if you get  stuck  just  use
#bicarbonate  de  soude#  that fights  the  acidity  causing  the
stomach pains.

Just  dissolve 1/2 tbsp of bicarbonate into a cup of water either
cold  or  hot  and you can add if you want a few drops  of  lemon
juice except in case of vomiting.

You  will  be happy to know or surprised that the basis for  many
"Eno"  types  of products that are there to help  you  digest  is
nothing  else then the old #bicarbonate de soude# that they  have
added  a  fizzing agent. See also the note on garlic via  stomach
troubles.**

HICCUPS:

Just  take  a  spoon  full of peanut butter to  solve  the  "hic"
problem.

HELPING SOLVE #HEPATIC# PROBLEMS?:

Eat as often as you can raw or boiled vegetables such as carrots,
#aspergus, aubergines, artichauts# or some fruits like melon  and
raisins.

Also  you can swallow before breakfast a tbsp of olive oil.  Many
plants infusions are beneficial to this problem, among which  you
find sage, #romarin, pissenlit# that you mix in the proportion of
20 to 30 gram per litre of water.

BURNS  BUG BITES AND SKIN IRRITATIONS:

POISON IVY REMEDY:  

*#Balsamine#  is used effectively to soothe the irritations  from
the Poison Ivy.

The good news being that those two plants usually GROW NEARBY ONE
ANOTHER  that permits you to use it immediately on the  irritated
part of the skin.

First  wash  it good with soap and water then apply a  pomade  of
#Balsamine# . Also drinking milk and other fruits rich in vitamin
C will help along.

SUNBURN = Tea:

Tea  helps  relieve  sunburn, just throw 3  tea  bags  into  your
bathtub water and dive in. If you have a decoction of #racine  de
consoudre# it will replace the tea just as well.

SMALL BURNS LOTION:

Grind two tbsp of marshmallow and of #racine de consoudre# &  mix
them with a cup of olive oil & a cup of wine.

Let  it heat on slow fire for 30 minutes then let it cool off and
strain  the whole thing so as to gather only the decoction  which
you then apply on the burn.

#Guimauve  and  consoudre# are well known for their  regenerating
properties.  Maybe  some chemist could lean on  to  this  bit  of
knowledge and find the reason why.***

MEDICINAL PLANTS: 

Many forest plants can be used to help along, here's some:

FASTER HEALING = VULNERARY:*

Very  few  persons know that the "Geranium" leaves  constitute  a
marvellous  vulnerary**. Crushed upon a cloth &  apply  upon  any
wound.

The  geranium leaves will sensibly speed healing of a wound or  a
scratch. You can also simply apply a geranium leave right on  the
wound and maintain it in place with string or adhesive.

AGAINST BITES & STINGS OF INSECTS:

CLAY:

Damp  earth uses natural yet MAKE SURE it's clay, not  earth  mud
for tetanus dangers.

PLANTS & REMEDY: ***

Cedar   leaves:(natural)  /#Herbe  a  dinde#:  leaves  &  flowers
(natural)  /  *Comfrey:  (roots & leaves Natural)  /  #L'Herbe  a
dinde# (Achillea Millefeuille) in infusion will heal a head-ache.

The stem flowered tip in concentrated Decoction = Throw the plant
in cold water & let it boil. It will drop fever./

Insects  bites  or stings apply leaves or flowers of  that  plant
will  ease  the pain, just as the leaves and flowers in  infusion
will be good for digestive troubles.

The chewed stems will be good for stimulating./ Insects bites  or
stings  can  be  avoided  if you rub your  skin  with  the  Cedar
leaves.*also rub tobacco juice on you.

Flowers,  leaves  & bark of the *#sureau blanc  &  genevrier#  in
infusion against constipation & digestive troubles.

The decoction of the bark of *#Vinaigrier# (Rhus Typhina) against
Diarrhoea as well as the bark & leaves in infusion of the  #aulne
et the des bois #

As  stimulant: Spruce needles in small quantities  and  but  only
good in winter however.

Other  stimulants:  Leaves of*#the des bois,  plant  &  roots  of
*savoyanne#, bark & sap of Larch-tree. The internal aromatic bark
of  the  Wild-cherry tree, & the flowered tips of the  *#herbe  a
dinde# can be used as such or in infusion or in decoction.

The  bark & leaves of Birch-tree in infusion or decoction can  be
use to purify blood or for Rheumatism.

SPRUCE SAP:  (gum)

Can  be  used as Antiscorbut, Antiseptic for Wounds and Cataplasm
for Burns.

FOLK REMEDY::

I  once  heard yet not tried medicine, the sap made of the yellow
moss  growing on old wooden roof house in woods or country  would
heal quickly cuts and eczema.

These  soft yellow buds are picked up in Sept-Oct., the  size  of
1/2  a  dime.  I  wouldn't  try any houses  in  town  because  of
pollution. A research can be made that way to tell us more,  it's
just an added foot note.*

BLADDER & KIDNEY TROUBLES:

#Verge d"or #: (Flowered stems in infusion) / Couch-Grass use the
roots in infusion also: #raisin d"ours# : fruits & roots in  weak
infusion. Burdock: Use leaves in infusion.

Walnut-tree: leaves in infusion; / Valerian: plants in  infusion.
/  Corncob hair:  *stigmates in prolonged long infusion / #Epine-
vinette#  fruits & leaves in infusion or nature.  /  White-birch:
Use leaves & bark in infusion.

TOOT ACHE:

*#Belle-angelic  (natural by putting pieces in  tooth).  /  Tansy
*(natural in the tooth or scrubbed on the gum).

Wild  onion (mild onion) (natural in the tooth) but don't let  it
get  in  the  stomach because it's dangerous. You  take  off  the
burning sensation with #Sorrel# * which you chew a few times.

EYE TROUBLES:

#Bleuet-centauree# (flowers in infusion) / Elder-tree: flowers in
infusion, as eye-salve to wash the eye. / #Burdock# (decoction of
leaves, a few drops)*

NERVES TROUBLES:

White-willow  use  the leaves./*Lime-tree:  fruits  &  leaves  */
Feverfew: leaves & flowers in infusion.

Hawthorn:  bark & flowers in decoction./* Valerian in  infusion./
*#Spiree cotonneuse# : infusion of leaves.

RHEUMATISM & GOUT ATTACK:

Bardock:  leaves  & roots in decoction./ Walnut tree  (leaves  in
decoction./  Willow tree: (bark in decoction / Birch:  (leaves  &
bark  in infusion & decoction./ Hazel nut tree: bark & leaves  in
decoction.

LIGHT NARCOTIC:

White   Willow:  (leaves  in  infusion)/  Valerian:   (plantin
decoction)/ Lime tree: (leaves & bark in decoction)./

*  #Scutelaire#  :  (Plant without the root in  long  infusion.)/
Coquelicot  or  Wild  Opium  of  garden:  (leaves  &  flowers  in
infusion).

HAEMORRHAGE:

Oak:  (Bitter  fruits,  bark, leaves  in  decoction  &  natural)/
#Vinaigrier# *(bark in decoction.)

Alder  tree:  (bark  in  infusion). /Plantain:  (Plantago  Major)
(natural, leaves crushed in hands to extract the juice then apply
on the Wound).

#Bourse  a  Pasteur# : *(flowered stem to be used  internally  or
externally.

Mulberry  tree:  (leaves in decoction & natural)./  Strawberry  &
Raspberry: leaves & stems, natural or in infusion

WOUNDS, SPRAINS, FRACTURES:

Comfrey:  (leaves  &  roots in nature & in infusion)  /  Herbe  a
dinde* (natural or infusion./ Bardock. (Leaves & roots natural or
in decoction.)

Red  Spruce  Fir tree: (bark in infusion) / Fir tree  or  spruce:
bark & sap (gum) in infusion & natural./ Walnut tree: (leaves  in
infusion and decoction)

CONSTIPATION:

White  Elder tree (flowers, leaves & bark in infusion)./ #Bleuet-
Centauree# (flowers in infusion).

Wild  Chicory: (Flowers & roots = natural; flowers in infusion  /
Juniper tree: (bark, leaves & fruits (nature & infusion).

Beech  tree:  (leaves,  bark  &  almond:  nature  &  infusion.  /
Bindweed:  (leaves  &  roots in infusion) / Robinia:  (leaves  in
infusion).

DEFECTUOUS CIRCULATION:

#Epinette-vinette#  :leaves,  fruits,  bark,  roots,  natural&
infusion. / Walnut-tree;(leaves in infusion & decoction.

Wild  Chicory:  (flowers  &  roots)  /  #Belle-Angelic#:  (roots,
natural & infusion).

Hawthorn: (bark & leaves, fruits in infusion & leaves in  natural
state)./  White willow tree: (leaves, bark, roots & young  spring
shoots in infusion & decoction).

STIMULATING PLANTS:

Walnut-tree: (leaves)./ Tansy: (flowered stems)./ Thyme: stems  &
flowers)./ #Epinette-vinette#: fruits, leaves & roots)./ #Tea des
bois#  its:  (leaves)./ Savoyan: (Plant & roots)./  Redfir  tree:
(bark & sap or gum)./ Bardock: (leaves)

White Willow: (bark)./ Spruce needle but in winter only and small
quantity.) / Wild Cherry: second aromatic bark. ALL these  plants
can be used Natural, infusion or decoction.

DIARRHOEA:

Oak: (bark, acorn, leaves: natural or infusion./ Alder tree (bark
&  leaves in infusion / #Vinaigrier# (bark in decoction)./ Ginger
(natural or in cold infusion./ Maple tree: (bark in infusion).

BAD BLOOD:

Birch:  (bark, leaves in infusion)./ Bardock: leaves &  roots  in
infusion  or  decoction  /  Walnut-tree  (leaves  in  infusion  &
decoction).

#Patience#: (roots in infusion)./ # Violettes des bois#: (flowers
&  leaves  in  infusion #pensee sauvages# : (flower &  leaves  in
infusion).

DIGESTIVE TROUBLES:

#Belle-Angelic#  :  (roots,  nature  &  in  infusion)./  Savoyan:
(roots,  nature & infusion)./ #herbe a dinde: (leaves  &  flowers
natural  or infusion.) / Tansy: flowers, leaves natural  or  weak
infusion

Dandelion: (Leaves & roots natural or decoction, roasted roots as
coffee./ same for Wild Chicory as Dandelion.

#Epinette  vinette#  : (fruits & leaves, natural  or  decoction./
White  Elder-tree:  (leaves and flowers in  infusion)  Strawberry
:(leaves in infusion or natural

EXHAUSTION: AS A STRENGTH BOOST UP!!!

Walnut  tree:  (leaves,  natural or  in  infusion  &  decoction./
#epinette-vinette#  (fruits  natural)./  White  Willow:  (bark  &
leaves in infusion, natural or infusion.)

Lime tree or #bois blanc#: leaves and bark natural and infusion./
Fever Few or small Pine nuts: (flowers & leaves in hot infusion./
Tansy:  (flowers in infusion)./ Spruce needles: (natural &  small
quantity.)

STOMACH TROUBLES:

#Belle-angelic#: (roots, natural or infusion)./ Savoyan:  (roots,
natural & infusion./ Bardock: (leaves & roots in weak infusion.

Walnut  tree: (leaves in strong infusion)./ White Willow: (leaves
&  bark natural and infusion)./ Lime tree: (leaves and flowers in
infusion).

HAEMORRHOIDS:

#Violets#:  (flowers  in infusion as bath)./  White  Elder  tree:
(flowers in infusion as bath & beverage at the same time.)

Walnut tree: (leaves in infusion use for bath and beverage)./ The
mixture of the above plants forms the ideal remedy.

HEAD ACHE:

#Lierre  terrestre#  *:  (leaves in powder  drank  with  water.)/
#Herbe  a  dinde# : (aroma to breath if need be or  infusion).  /
Tansy: (aroma to breath by nose, or compress over head.

Pepper-mint: (natural as aromatic) #Verge d'or#: in infusion work
on kidney which may cause the headache.

CUTS, SPRAINS, SCRATCHES:

#Plantain# : (leaves)/ Comfrey: (leaves & roots)./ #Vinaigrier# :
(leaves & bark).

White  Willow: bark / #bourse a pasteur#: (natural  plant)./  Oak
(leaves  &  acorn  or  bark  in powder  as  scar-healer  &  blood
coagulator.

BUSH REMEDY FOR STOMACH & BOWEL UPSETS:

A  very  simple  remedy for many abdominal  troubles  to  chew  &
swallow  a piece of charcoal every 2 or 3 hours. A lump  of  dime
size should give some relief, if trouble is similar to gastric or
bilious upset.

A  frequent  cause of stomach ache is the drinking of  very  cold
water while through walking.

It  is  a  good  precaution under such conditions to  drink  very
slowly  &  warm  each  mouthful of  water  in  the  mouth  before
swallowing it.

NOTE: When we say boil water it is 10 minutes.

ANTISEPTICS:

Salt or 2 soup spoons of javex mixed with 1 pint of water, boiled
for 10 minutes.

ANTISEPTICS: # 2 NATURAL:

If  you have an antiseptic put it on the dressing before applying
it on the wound.

Among  natural  antiseptics we have: sap from * #sapin  beaumier#
(taken from its bark). Even Urine!

The  gum  of  the *Gommier also pure turpentine coming  from  all
species of pines, & the resin of #Cypress & Cigue#.

You  can boil the knots of those trees in order to gather at  the
water surface the antiseptic resin.

You  MUST NEVER turn a dressing upside-down to reuse it, for they
are both contaminated, if you remove it, you destroy it.

INFECTIONS PREVENTIONS Through SALTED WATER: ***

Note:  The  uses of salted water for post-operation clean  up  in
order to avoid any infections **

RABIES FROM ANIMALS:

If  during  your trip in the bush you notice a wild animal,  that
appears  to  be sick or behaves abnormally, showing ferociousness
where  it should show fear or a dog behaving in an unusual manner
& frothing at the mouth, such an animal may have a rabies.

Foxes  normally avoid people; skunk don't usually approach people
&  try  to  bite them; on the other hand, squirrels and chipmunks
are  frequently coaxed to feed from a person's hand, & if a  bite
is  inflected, it doesn't mean necessarily abnormal behaviour  or
an unprovoked attack.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT:

Don't pet any wild animal, no matter how tame it appear to be. If
a  person is bitten or scratched by, or comes in contact with the
saliva of a suspected rabid animal, the affected parts should  be
thoroughly washed with soap & water for 15 minutes.

If  iodine  or any other antiseptic is available, put  it  in  or
around the wound. Get in touch with a doctor as soon as possible.

CARE OF FEET: (Sock it to me Spock)

Dirty  or wet socks damage the feet. If you have only a  pair  of
socks  then wash them. If you have a spare pair, then  slide  the
washed ones inside your shirt directly on your skin.

This way your socks will dry quicker. Wool socks absorb very well
the perspiration.

Socks can  be  frozen  then  beaten  to  extract  dust,   salt,
perspiration, & humidity. Wool socks are best all year around.

IN ORDER TO PREVENT INFECTION, YOU MUST WASH OFTEN A BLISTER.

If  the  blister  is about to burst, you can pierce  it  using  a
needle sterilised to extract the liquid.

If it is not ready to burst, then just cover it with a small
Band- Aid dressing in order to protect it from pressure and
rubbing.

MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA:

Here are some more preventive measures:

1)   Establish your camps on high ground far from swamps.
2)   Sleep under a net or any kind of tissues.

3)   Soil your face with mud, specially before sleeping.

4)   Wear all your clothes specially at night.

5)   Stick your trousers inside your shoes or  boots.

6)  Kerosene  and  gas  and  alcohol  drive away  most
     mosquitoes.

7)   Mosquitoes & black flies are attracted by  dark  colours
such  as  black,  red, blue, dark  brown.  So  wear  white  or
yellow. Jeans  attracts them. "Not JANE"

Wear  clothes  with long sleeves & tight fitted  at  the  neck  &
wrist, ample large clothing give better protection.

8) Mosquitoes,  bugs etc. are attracted by perfume,  eau  de
cologne, soap & shampoo  which are perfumed.

The most efficient repellent are those containing
"dithyltoluamide".  Orange or lemon peel  rubbed  on  skin  helps
repelling bugs.

9)   Calamine or a paste made of #bicarbonate  de soude#  mix
     with water makes a good  remedy.

10)  Ammonia is what's best for all sort of  stings.

(Note: Meat tenderiser is good too!)

TROPICAL  DANGERS,  ANIMALS & INSECTS  ETC.:

But what of wild animals? People exposed to jungle conditions are
scared  of  lions, tigers, elephants & other big  games  although
unless  you  go out of your way to provoke them, the danger  from
this quarter is very small.

In  the dense jungle, say the survival experts, you can live more
safely today than in most large towns.

All  accounts show that of the airmen who spent any time  in  the
jungle during the war & were then rescued, hardly any came across
a beast of prey.

THE REAL DANGER OF THE TROPICS ARE INSECTS.

Many  species carry parasites & spread epidemics, &  are  thus  a
greater menace than a whole zoo of wild animals turned loose.

In 1939 for ex. only 200 people in the whole of India were killed
by tigers while 4 millions died of typhoid.

The number of people who died by wild animals during the past few
hundred  years  is  probably smaller than the number  of  malaria
deaths in a year.

So  the survivor in the tropics is more likely to succumb  to  an
infectious disease or blood poisoning than to hunger,  thirst  or
attack by wild animals.

He  MUST  therefore  take great care of  his  health  and  to  do
everything to protect himself from insects.

By all accounts the worst of the diseases they spread is malaria,
which is carried by mosquitoes. Quinine.*

AVOID MOSQUITOES & MALARIA PREVENTION:

How to best avoid mosquitoes for instances:

NEVER  pitch  your  camp  near swamps,  the  breeding  places  of
mosquitoes.

USE  your mosquito nets, use the ointments in your kit, take  off
as few clothes as possible.

To  help your body, change your shirt every time you make a halt,
carry the first one upon a cross stick to make it dry.

Doing this way, Baden Powel avoided malaria, while all others got
it  in  a 4 months jungle tour. Just by changing his shirt  every
halt.

Survivors on the coast were driven further in the jungle to avoid
loosing  too much blood from mosquitoes bites. They had neglected
to cover their faces and top of their body with MUD.

     MUD BEING THE SIMPLEST PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITOES.

OTHER TROPICAL PLANT TRICK: **


North  American Indians were first called: RED-SKIN, it  was  not
the  colour  of  their skin as of the clay they wore  to  protect
themselves from the sun and of the mosquitoes bites.

Mud  often  mixed  with burned cow dung's or the  dung  of  water
buffalo is used with great success by natives of the Tropics.  It
also helps to rub certain oils from coconuts or lemon grass.

Coconut  oils  is  used  by the natives of  tropical  islands  to
protect them against head lice and so is tobacco juice.

While  the  NATIVES of New Guinea & New Caledonia rub lime  juice
into  their  hair. This makes their hair turn red, but  castaways
from  the  west  who have tried it out, say its as  effective  as
modern synthetic preparations.

TO  KEEP  OFF  FLIES & BUGS, the natives in the Philippines  take
breadfruits to bed with them.

The  inhabitants of New Guinea rid themselves of ants by  storing
lemons in damp places, till the fruits is covered with mould.

Then  they  quarter the rotten fruit & put them on  the  tops  of
anthills. The ants clear off at once, and NEVER go back there.

Many tropical ants live in the branches of certain trees, so  one
should sleep neither in a tree nor on bare ground.

In  fact  trainees at Stead Survival Army camp are  told  how  to
construct a bed several foot above the ground.

They are also warned to keep their shoes ON, at night, and ALWAYS
be careful where they put their hands.

To  get rid of another Tropical worm, the human Botfly; which you
notice  by  a small lump like a result from an insect bite  which
however persist & gets larger.

The lighted cigarette is useful but required lot of skill, a more
routine  method was to cover the worm hole tightly with  adhesive
tape, the worm dies in 24 hours and then is squeezed out easily.

Other survivors have reported that a favourite spot for fleas  to
settle  and lay eggs was under the toenails; they could  only  be
scraped out with a sterilised knife, after which the wound had to
be treated at once with iodine to stop an inflammation.

One  survivor  of  the Burma campaign recalled  that  Mites  also
settled in our skin around our hips.

They caused terrible itching, but we knew we MUST not scratch. We
covered the place with iodine & the itch gradually stopped. AHHH!
Of  course  there  are  a  great many other  Tropical  insects  &
parasites, which can't be listed here.

But  these  few example will show that survivors have often  been
able  to protect themselves by simple methods (like tobacco juice
&  lighted  cigarettes) & have also taken  great  care  to  avoid
inflammations.

FOR  IN  TROPICAL HEAT EVEN THE SMALLEST SCRATCH  CAN  TURN  VERY
QUICKLY INTO AN UGLY WOUND.

Cases  of blood poisoning are quite common, although natives  are
seldom affected by this.

FLEAS:

They  can  be  very dangerous, often carry diseases  even  plague
after having eaten dead plagued animals.

If  you  MUST  eat wild animals or rodents and that  you  suspect
plague to be in that region, suspend the animal as soon as killed
& let it cool off before manipulating it.

FLEAS  don't stay on cold body. Fleas drown in water  so  a  good
wash  will get rid of them. If you suspect a place to have fleas,
wash it completely, fleas run away from dampness.

TICKS:

There are of 2 kinds, found specially in Tropical and subtropical
regions often carry chronic fever and typhus.

Don't  try  to get it out with your fingers, the head  will  stay
inside your skin causing lots of pains.

TO  REMOVE IT, apply oil or damp tobacco, you can use the heat of
a match, cigarette, hot charcoal or hot water.

You  can  expose your skin to the smoke of a fire of green  wood,
you  will  see the tick getting out of the skin then just  remove
them.

JIGGERS, MOTH, MITES, LICE: (*see above mud also)

Jiggers  are lice in formation & will crawl their way  into  your
skin, causing much itching, & many other diseases.

If  you  scratch you risk to contact other infections,  a  salted
bath  will get rid of jiggers etc. To get them off your  clothes,
exposed them for a long time to the smoke of a fire.

Native  villages are often plagued by lice, so avoid to get  into
their  huts  or  in  body  contact with the  natives  if  at  all
possible.

When  pricked by a lice etc., avoid to scratch because  you  will
spread  the  lice waist into your wound. It is by  the  infection
from the lice's waist that man contracts typhus chronic fever.

To  get  rid of lice if you don't have the right powder, you  can
boil  your  clothes, if impossible then spread it under  the  sun
specially the lining for a few hours.

If you have been in contact with these insects, wash with soap if
you  can. If no soap then sand from water ways (rivers etc.)  are
acceptable. Examine often the hairy part of your body, which  are
the "hot" spot for them.

BEES AND WASP ETC.:

The  bites can be dangerous even fatal. If attack by a  swarm  of
them throw yourself in the nearest thickest bush. Bees will loose
their dart in the skin, you MUST take it off to avoid infection.
Wasp & hornets however can sting many a times. To lower the pain,
apply  mud,  wet clay, damp tobacco or wet salt.  A  compress  of
ammonia or yeast paste will do best. Vinegar is good too.

SCORPIONS:

Even  though dangerous, the scorpion's bite is rarely fatal.  Yet
they  represent a real danger since they hide in clothing,  shoes
or  sleeping  bags.  So  shake well your clothes  before  getting
dress, if you get bitten, apply cold compress & mud.

LEECHES:

Found in Borneo, Philippines, Australia, South Pacific, different
parts of South America. They cling to grass, leaves etc. so  they
can attach themselves to the wanderers.

You take them off with the tip of a burning cigarette or a match,
hot coal   or  application  of  wet  tobacco  or  with proper
insecticide.

SNAKE BITES: 

Nearly  all  snakes will bite. If non-venomous the bite  MUST  be
washed,  cleaned & treated as ordinary wound. If you are  not  an
expert better treat it as if it was a venomous one.

1)   Avoid running, because the venom runs faster to the heart.

2)   Stay calm but act quickly.

3)   As  much as possible, immobilise the  affected  part  in
     such way as to be under the heart level.

4)   On  the bitten limb, at 2 or 4" form the bite,tighten
     lightly an improvised tourniquet.

If  swelling progress upward, stop its progression by getting the
tourniquet (garrotte) higher.

The tourniquet MUST be tight enough to stop the blood flow in the
surface veins, but without stopping the arterial pulse.

5) In  less  than  1  hour,  make one  incision  only  with  a
(sterilised knife, razor blade etc.) just above each  wound  left
by the hooks.

This "cutting MUST be parallel to the bite & MUST NOT exceed 1/2"
long by 1/4" in depth.

6) If  you have a suction pump from a snakebite kit use it  on
the  wound to suck the venom, if not then use your mouth to suck,
then spit off frequently the blood and other liquids coming off.

The  snake venom is inoffensive into the mouth unless you have  a
wound  inside. Even then the risk are very small. Before  letting
off  the tourniquet (garrotte)*, you MUST operate the suction for
at least 15 minutes non-stop.

7) If  after  a  time,  the patient  doesn't  feel  dryness  &
stiffness in the mouth, of any headache, of pains or swelling, it
means the venom was not toxic.

8) If its the contrary then it means: toxic, so   keep doing # 5.

BAD BURNS or BAD WOUNDS WHEN ONE CAN DRINK:

Make  him  drink a solution made of 1/2 table spoon of salt  with
1/4 tea spoon of soda bicarbonate mixed in 1 pint of cold water.

Make  him drink as much as desired, yet excluding any other  kind
of liquids. NEVER use hot water it provokes vomits.

Or  use this mixture: 1 teaspoon of *#chlorure de sodium# with  1
teaspoon of *#bicarbonate de soude# mix in 1 litre of cold water.

The  victim  MUST drink it very slowly for 1 hour,  if  he  feels
nausea,  stop it so that he doesn't vomit. Keep this mixture  for
him  at  later time. Such a mix re-establish the salts  &  liquid
lost by the system.

HAEMORRHAGE ADD ON PRESSURE BANDAGE:

The  pressure  bandage  stays the best  method  used  to  control
haemorrhage.  You MUST elevate the wounded limb  if  possible  as
well as to exert a digital pressure.

The  tourniquet  (garrotte)* is to be used when pressure  bandage
doesn't work.

Application  of sterile dressing doing pressure helps coagulation
of the blood, compress blood vessels and protects all infection.

Before  putting  the pressure bandage, one MUST check  for  other
wounds,  for ex. in case of bullet wound, the wound is bigger  at
the  exit  than at the entrance. You can find those  bandages  in
drug stores or make them.

If  added  pressure is needed, press strongly your  hand  on  the
dressing for 5 to 10 minutes. It should work.

To  exert an extra pressure, you MUST place a thick bandage  near
the  wound,  just above the original one, which you  maintain  in
place using a necktie, belt etc.

DON'T take off the original dressing, rather add to it.

LIFTING UP THE WOUNDED LIMB:

Even  with  direct  pressure on the wound, one can  diminish  the
importance  of haemorrhage, by lifting up the wounded limb  above
the heart.

However;  If  there is fracture, don't do it.  Because  moving  a
broken  limb without splint gives loads of pains to the victim  &
aggravate his state. Without counting the risk to damage  nerves,
muscles & blood vessels.

TO MAKE A PRESSURE POINT WITH THE FINGERS, ON HAEMORRHAGE:

When blood pours out (arterial H..)a pressure of the fingers  can
control the Haemorrhage till you apply a sterile dressing.

The  pressure  done  on  a pressure point with  fingers,  thumbs,
hands.  A  pressure point is the place where a main artery  (feed
wounded region) is located near the skin surface or above a bone.

By  putting pressure on one of those points the blood flow coming
from the heart to the wound will be blocked or slow down.

You  have  correctly found the pressure point when you  feel  the
pulse at the tip of your fingers.

You MUST ABSOLUTELY find the pulsation before putting a pressure.

HOW TO APPLY A TOURNIQUET:

(GARROTTE)* beware!!! dangerous!

A  tourniquet is a tissue band or strip placed around an  arm  or
leg  to  compress  the  artery  in  order  to  stop  haemorrhage.
Tourniquet is rarely used & better not use it whenever possible.

Because it has in the past damaged the blood vessels & the nerves
of the victim. Use it when after having made a strong pressure on
a  wound,  or  on a pressure point or that the elevation  of  the
wounded limb are useless.

Too  long a compression by tourniquet can result in the  loss  of
the arm or leg, as was often the case during both World Wars.

An  Arterial haemorrhage of the thigh, leg, arm or many  arteries
(result  of  traumatic amputation: i.e.: bomb blast)  becomes  at
times uncontrollable by simple pressure.

If  a  vigorous (strong) pressure of the hand upon  the  dressing
don't  slow  down  the  blood  flow,  you  MUST  quickly  make  a
tourniquet.

Once the garrotte in place, don't loosen it after the haemorrhage
has  stopped, otherwise it could result by a shock followed by  a
blood lost WHICH WOULD BE FATAL.

Victim  needs  medical  care quick. If  you  don't  have  a  true
garrotte,  you can use a tissue being soft, strong & flexible  as
cotton gauze, or silk, clothing etc.

Such  a garrotte needs a stick or anything rigid, stiff. In order
not  to damage too much the skin, the garrotte width MUST be that
after tightening, it is of 3cm wide.

GARROTTE & HOW TO PROCEED:

1) Place  the  garrotte around the wounded limb, (between  the
heart  &  the  wound)  &  at: 4 to 10cm ABOVE  the  wound.  NEVER
directly on the wound or on a fracture.

2) When possible, do the garrotte over the sleeve or pant  leg
in  order not to pinch or twist the skin. If the skin is  damaged
or  bruised it can not be of any use to the surgeon when he wants
to cover up the amputation.

So  he  needs  to  do  a greater amputation to  obtain  the  same
results. Protecting the skin diminishes the pain.

3)   Once the bandage in place, slide the stick under the  knot,
twist  it  around just enough to block the blood  circulation  at
this place.

If  the pulsation of the wrist or ankle still intact can be  felt
before  putting on the garrotte, the stop of this same  pulsation
will be a sign that sufficient pressure is done.

4)   TO DETECT A PULSE:

Place  2  fingers (not the thumb) on the pressure  point  of  the
wrist or ankle.

Don't use  your thumb because the small artery in the thumb would
mix the count of the pulse you search.

If  you  can't trust this pulsation as control element, use  your
own  good  judgement  to decide of the reduction  of  blood  flow
coming to the wound. In such case, uncover temporarily the  wound
to check up.

5)  The  arterial  haemorrhage  will  cease  after  a  correct
application of the garrotte, but the bleeding which are located
in  the  inferior part of the wounded limb will keep on  bleeding
till they are empty of blood.

Don't  persist in tightening the garrotte in order to  stop  this
blood flow, IT IS USELESS.

6)  When  the garrotte is well in place, put a dressing  and
     bandage on the wound.

GARROTTE  MUST  BE RELEASED EVERY 15 MINUTES IN  ORDER  TO  AVOID
FURTHER DAMAGE.

GENERAL INFORMATION: First Aid*

1) Stay calm. / 2) Do what is URGENT first (A/R-H/M) / 
3) Call or send someone for a Doctor

4)   Keep the victim immobile. Cover him up to avoid shock.

5)   Does he breath?  Does he bleed ? His heart is breathing?

6)   NEVER MOVE the victim unless  ABSOLUTE NECESSITY.

7)   To help you, stay calm:   Take 6 DEEP breaths.

8)   Prevent danger from: Damaged buildings  /electrical / gas  /
     CUT POWER OFF!

9)   Don't let crowd near accident, victim needs  Fresh air.

10)  Use  other  to  help, reassure victim.  Assure Transport
     quickly.

CHILD & BABY CHOKING:

Lay  kid  on  your  knees, head down, give 3 to  4  sharp  blows,
between shoulder blades, to remove the obstruction.

BABY:   Hold the baby down by the feet, hit sharply. Yet not  too
hard  between shoulder blades. Give Heimleich Hug if Need  be  or
Heart Massage. Give Artificial Respiration if need be.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION MOUTH TO MOUTH: photo**

1) Raise  neck  with one hand & bring head backward  with  the
other so that the shin points upward practically vertically. This
will open air passages.

Remove  all  foreign  objects in the mouth. Pinch  the  nostrils,
press one hand upon forehead.

2)   Take  a breath, open widely your mouth & place it upon  the
     victim 's mouth, (baby: mouth & nose both).

MAKE SURE that NO Air is coming out. Blow a full respiration into
the  lungs of victim (1/2 for baby), Check up if chest is  rising
up.

3) After  each air blow, move away your mouth from  his  face.
Listen to air escaping from victim's lungs & look if his chest is
coming down.

You  MUST repeat those 3 procedures every 5 seconds, about 12  to
15 time per minute.**

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYLVESTER: pix*

1)   Place the victim on its back, raising up his   shoulders
     with proper prop or support (use   blanket, coat etc.).

Stretch his neck & bring his head backward as far as possible, to
permit air to get in. Remove all foreign objects in mouth.

2) COMPRESSION  PHASE: Kneel down at the head of  the  victim.
Grab his wrists & cross them on the inferior (lower) half of  the
sternum.  Bend forward pressing strongly on the chest. This  MUST
last  2 seconds. Count 1,000 -2,000 then:

3) EXPANSION  PHASE: Stop leaning, pressing  on  chest.  Bring
upward the victim's arms, on the outside & backward. Count  1,000
-2,000 & MAKE SURE the arms stay straight. Now replace the wrists
upon the sternum. Count to 5.

The  movements MUST be repeated on rhythm of about 12  times  per
minute  with  an adult, more rapidly with a child.  

EYE BANDAGE: 

Even  when  only  1 eye is hurt, both eyes have  to  be  bandaged
because  they both move simultaneously. So any movement from  the
uninjured eye makes the other one move by reflex.

EYE PAINS: 

A) Wear sunglasses or visor to protect your eyes, because  the
sun  reflection coming from water reinforce the intensity of  sun
rays giving very rapidly eye soreness. Even in cloudy day.

B)   If you start to have sore eyes, don't rub them. Apply on eye
     lid an antiseptic cream, & a light bandage on BOTH eyes.

JAWS:

Before putting a bandage on the jaw, remove any false teeth & put
them  in the victim's pocket. Put the bandage in a way as to  let
the jaw free to breath or mouth drainage.

To  avoid  the complete closing of the mouth, place a stopper  or
plug of about 0.5cm thick between his teeth or gums.

This  stopper  will held at the exterior of the mouth  by  a  few
strings  connected to the bandage itself. This will  prevent  the
plug  to  slide into the mouth & choke or obstruct the  breathing
passage of the victim.

HANDS & FOOT DRESSING: *

In  order  to  avoid  friction  or irritations,  using  absorbent
material;  separate  well each fingers or  toes  before  applying
dressing & bandages.

GRIEVOUS INJURIES HEAD WOUNDS:*

ALWAYS be suspicious of any head wound, a victim can easily  have
a brain damage without having a cracked skull. Verify these signs

1)   The victim is or not conscious.

2)   Is blood or any liquid coming out of his  nose or ears?
3)   Is the pulse slow?

4)   Does he have headache?
5)   Nausea ? Or vomits?

6)   Convulsions?
7)   Breathing slow??

SPECIAL PRECAUTION Via HEAD INJURIES:

Don't  touch an open skull wound. But cover it up with a  sterile
dressing.  Also Don't remove nor displace any foreign objects  of
any type which is stuck in the wound.

Lay  the  victim down MAKING SURE the head is raised higher  then
the rest of body.

WOUNDS TO NECK AND FACE:

Because  of is many blood vessels, wounds to neck & face bleed  a
lot  & haemorrhage is hard to control. Stop any haemorrhage which
obstruct respiratory channels.

Then  remove if need be all pieces of tooth or broken bones,  bit
of skin or broken false teeth.

If victim is conscious & wants to sit, make him lean forward head
down, to permit him to empty his mouth or make him lay in a prone
position.

HUGE OPEN CHEST WOUND: *

This  hole creates an air suction which is particularly dangerous
bringing lungs to collapse.

HIS LIFE DEPENDS OF YOUR ABILITY TO CLOSE AIR TIGHT SUCH A WOUND.

Verify if victim has such other wound elsewhere then:

1) If possible, have the victim exhale the air in his lungs
then have him hold his breath   while you shut off the wound.

2) Seal  air  tight this wound using a plastic  or metal sheet 
or  any  thin  non porous material (saran  wrap,  clean garbage
bag, before   applying any dressing.)

3)   Ask the victim or any other help to do a  pressure  with
     his hand on the dressing.

4)   To exert a better greater pressure thus assuring a tight air
seal  wrapping up the dressing & the body with either a  blanket,
or any piece of cloth, or roll him in a poncho.

Such a bandage MUST be rolled in such a way as to superposed  one
layer slightly above the other so as to create a strong & uniform
pressure all over the dressing. Fix then the bandage with tie  or
rope etc.

5)   If the victim feels more at ease sitting, give him his wish.
This  way the breathing is easier. But if he prefers to lay  down
make him lay down on the wounded side.

That way the opposite lung can breath better. Beside; the surface
upon  which the victim lays acts as a splint on the wounded  side
and can diminish pain.

WHY IMMOBILISE A FRACTURE ???: USE of SPLINTS: *

It MUST be immobilise so that the broken bone & its sharpness can
not cut the tissues, muscles or nerves or broken blood vessels.

Beside  Immobilisation reduce greatly the  pain,  prevents  shock
state, & prevents bones fragments to create an open fracture from
a closed one thus inviting germs & infection to get in.

Make  the  splint  where you find the victim, Before  moving  the
person or transporting him elsewhere. Don't try to correct a bone
or articulation.

TRANSPORTATION FIREMAN'S WAY:

When alone its the best way to transport the victim.

1) After  turning  the victim on its stomach,  place  yourself
above  him,  your legs on each side, bend down & join your  hands
under  his chest & moving backward, lift him up until the  victim
is resting on his knees.

2)   Go backward enough to straighten his legs.

3) Walk forward a bit in such a way as to permit the victim to
be  on its feet. While keeping him inclined backward so that  his
knees don't bend.

4) While  uplifting the victim with your left arm,  free  your
right  arm,  grab  quickly his right wrist  &  lift  up  his  arm
straight. Pass immediately your head under his uplifted arm  then
let it get down at the same time.

Turn around then to face up the victim & hold his waist with your
arms.  Using  the  tip of your foot, spread victim's  feet  about
15cm.

5)   Using  your left hand, grab his right wrist, then lift his
     arm above your head.

6)   Bend  down a bit so as to bring back the victim's  arm
     above your left shoulder.

His body then lays upon your shoulders. Then pass your right arm
between his legs.

7)   Place his right wrist in your right hand.

8)   In leaning your left hand upon your left  knee, get  up.
     Your left hand stays free, &  the victim stays comfortable.

TRANSPORTATION USING BELT:

This is the best method to transport a victim on long distance.

The  victim is solidly held on your shoulders by a belt. This way
your  hands & victims hands stay free to hold arms or supply  and
helpful  to  go over obstacles. This way the rescuer  can  better
move around in the bushes or to crawl about and around.

1) Join 2 belts to make one or use ties, ropes that don't slip
nor are too narrow. Place the attach under the thighs & under the
kidneys 's victim in a manner as to form a loop on each side.

2)   Lay  down on your back between the spread out legs  of  the
victim. Pass your arms in the loops, then grab the hand & leg  of
the victim wounded side.

3)   Turn around on your belly by the opposite side of the victim
wound bringing  this  way  the  person  on  your  back.  Adjust
adequately the attach.

4)   Get  on  your knees. The attach holds  the victim in place.

5)   Put one of your hand upon a knee & straighten up. The victim
is now upon your shoulders. Your hand are now free to help you.

ABOARD A RAFT PRECAUTION TO TAKE:

EXPOSITION TO WIND & SUN: 

Don't  stay  without necessity exposed to sun  or  wind.  In  hot
climate  it is preferable to cover the body slightly rather  then
take off all clothing.

If  extremely hot, freshen yourself by dipping the clothes in the
sea, then wring them off before putting them back on.

Protect  the skin which is exposed with sun lotion. To treat  sun
or  wind  burn  is by applying antiseptic lotion then  put  on  a
dressing.

SEA SICKNESS:  Beurkkk!

1)   Keeping busy will help prevent sea-sickness. Try as much as
     possible to stay lay down.

2)   If you have sea-sickness don't eat nor drink, Stay immobile,
try to relax & keep as warm as possible. If you have any, take or
give them. Dalamine is the best sea sick pill.

LIMBS AFFECTED BY A LONG TIME IN WATER:

1) Feet & legs get affected by long time in cold water.  Signs
are discoloration of skin & pains. In advance cases, the affected
part  swells  &  skin covers itself of blisters  mix  with  black
pimples.

2) You  can  avoid  evolution of the problem  by  keeping  the
affected limb as dry & as warm as possible, to help you do  this:
keep  the raft floor as dry as possible. If you wear shoes  which
are too tight, you MUST take them off.

3) Move your feet & toes to help blood circulation, but  don't
give  any massage. Keep warm & dry as much as possible. Lift your
feet  from  the  raft  bottom if there is water  which  you  cant
remove.

4) Constipation  or urine retention. None  of  those  problems
should worry you, because they are normal being caused by lack of
food, inactivity, lack of soft water.

SEA HYPOTHERMIA & TRICK!: 

Swimmers  used to cold water have an old trick to get back  their
lost  heat due to cold water which is to run as soon as they land
and dry up a bit, so that their own body generates its own heat.

#AULNES# : *

To check but it seems that leaves from #aulnes# which are twisted
and put on a wound will prevent #suppuration# to start.

WAR MEDICAL SAS KNOW HOW!:

Learn  to treat a gunshot wound from high velocity missiles which
caused 4/5 of the casualties in battle.

Every SAS has to have a grasp of first basic first aid since  you
will  be  far off any hospital and can not expect help from  them
anyway.

In  a  simple language learn that to be hit by a grenade fragment
is  comparable to be hit by an angry elephant. If death does  not
happen  at once then prompt action can almost certainly save  the
casualties life.

Most  death  from  gunshot wounds are caused  by  blood  loss  or
secondary shock.

Blood loss can easily be stanched by simply applying a finger  to
the  wound by shock is less easily dealt with High speed missiles
cause a condition called "cavitation".

They rip through the muscles and suck in dirt, germs and clothing
where  as a high velocity missile wound is simply a wound  caused
by a very small object travelling at very high speed.

SAS MEDIC FIELD GUNSHOT WOUNDS:

When  your  mate's shot, treat him for shock, Give him liquid  if
you have it except when the bullets enters between knee & nipple.

Don't forget that, because a bullet going in above the knee might
end up in the stomach and the poor feller won't want liquid.

Now  if he gets it through the jaw. What then? Often as not  bits
of  bone  and  other such crap will end up down his windpipe  and
choke him. OK so you get your spoon and you fish the muck out.

If  that's  no good, then slit his throat neatly just  below  the
Adam  apple and stick a tube in by-pass the obstruction.  A  biro
casing* will do. Then he'll breath like a baby, no problemo!

SEVERED ARTERY?:  ACT FAST!

No  time to think. If you can not catch and splice the loose ends
to stop them spurting, then grab your field dressing & burn it.

Cram  the ashes in the open wound then bind it hard and  bind  it
fast.  Forget all that claptrap about tourniquet, that  went  out
with Rock and Roll.**

HITCHING REMEDY:

Flee  bites  and  mosquito bites can be healed  easily  of  their
hitching  by using your nails or a small cut from a  knife  in  a
form of a cross, and the itching will disappear in no time.

BETADINE:

Betadine  is  the  safest  treatment of  various  wounds,  burns,
#abces# or cuts even gangrene. MAKE SURE you have it in first aid
kit.

PAIN KILLER= ZOMAX MORE INF. NEEDED HERE ****

BETADINE DESCRIBE THE USE* also: ZOMAX .........SPIROLINA

ARCTIC PARASITES REMOVED: 

The  Eskimo can't sleep because he keeps on scratching so  calmly
he  picks up a piece of bear fur which a string is tied  to  both
end and lays it under his clothes for a while.

Next  he  removes  it  and notices with pleasures  that  all  the
parasites have all gone to the seduction of the thick fur.

FOOT CARE:

From  SAS  technic  via crossing cold countries survival  medical
Foot care and body care:

Learn  to  wrap your toes individually in gauze to  prevent  them
from rubbing and dosed them with #mycota powder# .

If  your  feet  despite all those precautions become  raw  and  a
bubbling  mass of blister from walk far beyond the normal  bounds
of exhaustion.

Especially  where pinched toes have rubbed together  despite  the
gauze  inside the boots don't dare stop to remove the boots since
the  tortured feet will swell up like sausages and you will NEVER
be able to put them back in your boots.

If  you  take  them  off it means you stop for  a  long  time  to
recover. MAKE SURE it is not your last stop and that it  is  safe
to take them off.

Also  cover the straps of your Bergen (bag) with foam rubber held
in place with masking tape or duct tape.

Don't  try to sustain yourself with inedible sandwiches,  instead
bring a flask of hot coffee and tins of peaches in syrup which is
one of the only substance you can get down after 30 miles hikes.

ALKA SELTZER  AGAINST CRAMPS!:

Against  Lactic  acid morning cramp MAKE SURE you  take  a  glass
before doing the exercise.

ZINCOFACT:*

A new tube of ointment called; ZINCOFACT which is great for burns
it  seems  that  zinc  help those who get  burn,  also  good  for
sunburn, it is worth checking ***

LESS INFECTION:*

From the latest surgery room, the wounds washed with salted water
have no infections since salt kills germs. 

NUCLEAR WAR NOTE:

In  case  of  nuclear war fall out, cover all skin  with  plastic
sheet  so  that it does not come in contact with skin and  it  is
easier to clean off.

SAD NOTE FOR US ALL:

All  animals  outside  will have radiation  sickness  direct  hit
radiation & water drinking habits. Thus unsafe to eat.

But  for the one kept before during and after the war indoors and
made  sure that what they eat or drink is not contaminated  since
hay will carry radiation.

On  the  other hand we don't have to worry when after  Armageddon
since  we  are  with Jesus on earth for a 1,000  years  of  peace
without any sins or pollution wars, lies etc. Just peace on Earth
for 1,000 years. That's good news for sure. So don't worry!

CRAZY GLUE SURGERY: *

Crazy glue fan will REMEMBER that the first use of it was for the
#embaumeurs# to glue skin together without sewing it, so in  case
of  surgery on field one could use it to bring skin together fast
and avoid doing surgery. ** A new glue to do just that just came
out in 1994 try to get more informations from a doctor.

#CITRONNELLE#:*

Bug repellent supposed to be great to check called #Citronnelle#.

DIARRHOEA SOLUTION: 

Water + salt + baking soda is the answer.

SPONGE: 1001 USES **

Artificial or natural size 6"x 4" in all Survival Kit, 2 of them.
Sponge Water, dirt, blood etc. Helps to keep dry and clean.  It's
very important in survival to keep dry & clean.

ASTHMA: 

New drug just came out should help called Tilade.

BREATHING BY THE NOSE:

50  years  ago  Catlin an American wrote a book  called:  "Closed
mouth and life saved."

He  was telling that the Indians practised this method since  day
one and were even imposing this method to their children by tying
their  mouth  at night so as to force them to breath through  the
nose at night.

To  breath by the nose prevents deadly germs to penetrate through
the  mouth  into  the  throat  and stomach  also  preventing  the
fermentation#vegetation  adenoid# which can obstruct respiration
and bring deafness.

For a hunter it is particularly useful to breath though the nose,
since  by  doing so you can AVOID MUCH OF THE THIRST  WHILE  HARD
WORKING.

At  night if you have the habit of breathing through the nose you
will  avoid  snoring which can be dangerous if there are  enemies
nearby.  So  shut  up  and breath through  the  nose,  beside  it
contributes to lower your anger.

ACNE CURE:

Wash  your  face  with  salted water, once the  pimple  has  been
punctured clean with salt or sea water and let some salt  on  the
wound or pimple which will dry out the pus.

NEWS ON THE MARKET VIA FRACTURES:

There is on the market now for fractured arm or leg a plastic kit
casing  which  once  inflated will keep  the  injured  member  in
position.

You should have at least 1 set per 3 persons. As much as possible
get the team to know what to do in f/aid occasion, it is also for
their own uses at times not only for others.

SOME USEFUL HERBAL PREPARATIONS:

STRAWBERRY ROOTS:

Contain a #descaler# to clean teeth.

DELPHINIUM SEEDS:

Can be crushed to treat head lice.

BIRCH BARK:

Can  be  distilled  to  produce a  tar  oil  which  soothes  skin
complaints.

LAVENDER:

Makes a decoction to clean the skin.

BURNS TREATMENT: FOLK MEDICINE*

With fast result and no scars or hardly any, unless burned to the
bones,  you  once again put grated raw potato on the burned  area
and  apply clean cotton or gaze over it, change every hour  or  3
hours this is yet to be found I lost the notes on this.***

BURNS TREATMENT:

A  friend  of mine got burned over the face arms and  legs  at  2
years  old when the house stove blew up, today she has  no  scars
that are visible.

How? Well the doctor of that time which is around 1950 did a very
strange thing, he would cover her burns with a boiled cheesecloth
then he would rip it off, and he did this every day for 1 month.

One  may  say that this was a cruel treatment but the result  was
that  today she has no scars to show this tragedy. This  was  old
folk medicine.

NOTE VIA BURNS: 

The story of nurse with 3rd degree burns who changed her bandages
every  3 hours, by a new wet sterile compress for 3 months  =  NO
SCARS, as a result. Body is made of 90% water.

Try  sterile clay mixed in water might help worth trying in  some
place  to check *** Check also the new burn bandages made of  90%
water.***

TO COOL THE BLOOD IN YOUR BODY:

In  case  of  high fever or high sweating because of heat  simply
submerge your wrists, it will cool the blood in your body fast.

DANGEROUS  PLANTS: PLANTS WARNING: 

The  colour  RED  associated with a plant  in  tropical  or  sub-
tropical areas can be regarded as a DANGER SIGNAL.

ANY  PLANTS  which shows RED in any parts of its growth,  in  its
fruits,  in  its  leaves or in its stalks should be  regarded  as
suspicious  unless  you know for certain that  it  is  absolutely
safe.

EX: Strawberry, raspberry, wild cherry, mulberry are known to  be
safe for eating, yet some people are allergic to it, too bad.

Rhubarb  has  a red stalk, but the leaves are deadly when  cooked
because they contain a fatal quantity of oxalic acid.

Beets  and their leaves are excellent, so are tomatoes,  yet  the
nightshade which is of same family is deadly..

So  in general way be suspicious of any plants showing the danger
red  signal, unless absolutely certain its safe to eat.  This  is
particularly applicable to Tropical berries & fruits

WARNING #2 PLANTS POISON ID:

Another  general sign of probable poison is any  fruit  which  is
divided  into 5 divisions. This is a generalisation,  but  it  is
better safe then sorry and poisoned.

DANGEROUS LEAVES & TESTING!:

The  leaves  of many trees, shrubs & ground plants are  edible  &
very  palatable & can comfortably sustain life. The only test  is
to taste the leaf.

If  its  tender & pleasant to the palate & the danger of  almond,
bitter, or extreme acid are not present then you can eat a  small
quantity, & if there are no ill consequences, the leaves of  that
particular tree or shrub are safe & will be good for you.

The leaves of most plants contain oil cells which give the leaves
its  taste or flavour. This is generally more marked in the young
leaves at the end of branches.

BEWARE  OF  ALL  TREES WHICH HAVE A COLOURED SAP, WHITE,  RED  OR
BLACK:

Many  of these saps are a danger signal, & some particularly  the
white  saps, can inflict painful burns to the skin, or if allowed
in the eye can cause blindness.

Also  Beware  of  ground trefoils particularly those  which  have
little  corns  or  tubers. These are generally Oxalis  &  have  a
dangerous high content of oxalic acid which is a poison.

FUNGI: ALL FORMS OF FUNGUS GROWTH SHOULD BE AVOIDED.

EMERGENCY STERILE BANDAGE:

Toilet paper and small elastic, rubber band, for small and medium
cut  and also, when burn, cover it with dry toilet paper then wet
it after elastic is on.

Try with wet and salt in case of infection a bit of salt  not too
much  unless  real  inflammatory, sea salt would  be  far  better
because of its living micro-organisms.

DROWNING: C/R WITH SEA TOO**

Best  method  lately was to use the Hemleich  Hug  method  before
doing the mouth to mouth, since the hug clears the lungs from the
water into it.

SEA WATER BEST ANTISEPTIC:

One  of  the best antiseptic is sea salted water, 2nd best  water
plus salt, the seawater is best for it has micro organism to help
healing.**??

SEA FISH STINGS:

Whenever  one  of those fishes stings you, clean  and  empty  the
wound immediately.

Place the affected part in hot water (50C. and more) or cover  it
with  hot  compress during 30-60 minutes, so as  to  destroy  the
toxin effect.

There  are  very few antidote to them. **Some doctor?? say  NEVER
use  water  to  clean the wound of those stings but to  disinfect
them  with alcohol at 90 degrees and rub the sting with dry sand.
And while waiting for the doctor to bath the wound in cold salted
water ?? WHO is right ?

BURNS: 

Also  the  new  90% plasma burn bandage just got  out  should  be
fantastic to help along too, more inf. to get from pharmacy buy 1
box  only $7.00 & good for other kind of wounds as well for  that
matter.

VITAMINS 2,001 SPACE AGE TECH:

In  July  92, came out from the laboratories into our usual  drug
stores,  a multi-vitamin called : Spectrum 29 Essentials vitamins
& minerals.

130 tablets = $8.00 *see full description from the one I have  to
buy  to  go  to Israel with as well as the Tourista Pill,  called
Inodium 6 / $7.00***

Well worth the trouble to save troubles! No matter what continent
we  have  to get accustomed to its germs warfare and tourista  is
the  quickest way to flush the system and to adapt it  to  a  new
one.

WOUNDS:

Also found out that a good paste for Wounds is vitamin "E".

Yet  I  propose and suppose that a paste with sterile water  made
with  the  29  vitamins pills would work real good, it  might  be
possible  to  add  Spirolina as # 30 but  ALWAYS  in  a  separate
containers.

This is your energy booster which is different from the vitamins.

SPIROLINA:

Spirolina  capsule work great against Cold symptoms, as  soon  as
you feel a cold coming start using Spirolina, 3 to 4 a day for  4
days & you avoid the worst of the cold.

WINTER CAMPING HYGIENE: COLD**

Often  time  at first & due to disorganised lavatory arrangements
uncoordinated  with the collecting of snow melting into  drinking
water.

One  would end up with unwelcome foreign bodies in the tea so  to
avoid that, institute a rule that the loo is to the left and  the
"drinking" snow is to the right of the tent door.

WINTER NIGHT TRAVELLING:


It's  a  big mistake to travel by night while good weather  last.
One does not see the crevasses and could easily get killed.

GROUP TRAVELLING:

SAS  training encourage strongly that the fewer individuals in  a
group,  the  faster  the  majority  will  reach  its  goal.  This
presupposes that the weakest link can look after himself.

This is however not acceptable current mountain safety practices,
but when survival is at a premium, then safety comes second up to
a  point.  These rules are meant to be bent here  and  there.  (&
everywhere?)

HOW TO BREATH PROPERLY:*

It  sounds  strange  but  we have to learn  to  breath  properly.
Meaning that one MUST Exhale Completely; if one wants to use  its
Maximum  Strength. A breathing control is aimed towards our  ways
to Exhale and Not about inhaling.

One  rebuilds his strength much better by Exhaling properly  than
by trying to force his air intake.

If  you  do any hard work, or walk fast or you are digging,  your
OUTPUT will INCREASE if you apply yourself by SLOWLY, EXHALING by
pushing All the air out of your lungs.

Opera  singers, swimmers and runners know this trick. For example
if  you  get into a cold shower, you have the tendency to  breath
faster  and  to  tense  your muscles which only  aggravates  your
torture.

If  on the other hand you try to exhale slowly and regularly  you
will be much surprised to notice the Little effect that this cold
water  has  upon  you.  Ahhh Right!  This  is  because  a  Slow
Exhalation helps your body to adapt itself to this change.

STRESS  CONTROL  &  BREATHING & TO AVOID  OR  MINIMISE  PANIC  OR
ANXIETY ATTACK:

A  attentive  control on your respiration &  especially  of  your
timing  contributes  to your stress control  in  any  moments  of
tension, stress or #contrainte#. Most of us breath only half way.

We  breath incorrectly since we don't have much choice but  where
we  make the mistake is we don't exhale properly, meaning that we
don't do it deeply enough.

Thus  we  often sigh which is a sign warning us of a Need  for  a
Deep Exhalation.

A  sigh  is  a natural mean used by our body to exhale completely
once we have neglected to do so under stress

A  sigh  is  a natural mean used by our body to exhale completely
once we have neglected to do so under Stress

Just REMEMBER in your past when there was a deep stress and after
that  moment  was  over  you  felt  the  deer  need  for  a  full
exhalation.

So  one MUST learn to sigh methodically. Any blockage brought  to
your  breathing  system provokes deep pains! So any  amelioration
will be beneficial to your body & mind.

The  more one exhale air the more one is able to inhale.  So  the
increasing  of  your  capacity is the  goal  of  any  respiratory
discipline.

To  take  a conscious hold of your exhalation is the # 1  factor.
What we MUST strive for is to make it an habit.

BREATHING BEFORE ANY TASK!:

Exhale  Deeply  before  undertaking  Any  Task.  You  will thus
facilitate  the climbing of a long stairs. Exercise  yourself  to
breath in during 2 steps and to exhale during the next 2 steps.

But you MUST Exhale Completely Before! climbing the first step.

BREATHING TO FIGHT COLD!: ***

6 DEEP EXHALATIONS will sustain and Increase your Resistance when
you will have to fight against a  "Deep 6!" winter wind.

In  any Harsh or Boring circumstances where Stress puts a grip on
you,  Exhale  Slowly thus you will Recharge your Nervous  System.
Hummm!

BREATHING CONTROL EXERCISES:

To  help you along in this new technique, try reading out loud is
a  good exercise. Take an article and read on one breath as  much
as you can without effort.

Do  this  a  dozen time the first day. Count the words and  start
over the next day, this way you can measure your improvement.

Another  exercise  is to count. Sit down comfortably,  your  back
straight, inhale slowly and regularly counting to 4, pause for  1
second then exhale till you reach 12, the next time inhale till 5
& exhale till 15.

Keep  it  up  this way and measure your progress. Once  you  have
reached  21 you will notice that the fact of humming a song  will
help you enormously in limiting the quantity of air you exhale.

These  exercise will bring much good to your overall  well  being
and  will  change  many  of  your  regular  habits.  A  conscious
breathing also brings a conscious acting or behaving.

You  will  notice that it is impossible to slump in a  coach  and
still breath effectively.

All one has to do is to get his shoulder blades as close together
as possible to feel your lungs getting to work at their best.

After  a  while these exercise will become second nature  for  an
overall better well being. It could even help you cutting down on
smoking by reducing the stress overall! Just REMEMBER: " DEEP 6 "

BURN: FOLK REMEDY

Raw  grated potatoes put on a burn to heal it and stop  scars. 

AGAINST POISON IVY:

FOLK REMEDY 

According to an old Folk remedy Oat meal is good treatment.

GANGRENE FOLK REMEDY:

Gangrene  can  be cured with raw grated potatoes,  you  wrap  the
wound  with  it and change it every 3 hours or so, it  will  take
months  but  it  is better than to cut it off. 

